Protestant Reformation of Christianity Essay - 899 Words

The renaissance period marked radical changes in many fields, this includes religion. The so-called Protestant Reformation was the split within western Christian Church initiated by Martin Luther, John Calvin, and other early Protestants. Calls for reform came form all sectors of the European society and it is this dissatisfaction that explains why the ideas of Martin Luther evoked such extreme responses, there was already a ready audience. Although there had been significant attempts at reform before Luther, the date usually given for the start of the Protestant Reformation is 1517, when Luther published The Ninety-Five Theses. As he developed his ideas, Luther gathered followers, who came to be called Protestants. The word protestant†¦show more content†¦Several men simultaneously claimed to be the true pope. Driven by politics rather than any theological disagreement) badly damaged the prestige of the church leaders. Papal tax collection methods were also attacked, and so me criticized the papacy itself as an institution. Court records, written descriptions of bishop’s visitations of parishes and even popular songs and printed images show widespread anticlericalism, or opposition to the clergy. Much of the criticism towards the Roman Catholic Church was administrative rather than theological. In the early 16th century critics of the church concentrated their attacks on clerical immorality, clerical ignorance and clerical absenteeism. Charges of clerical immorality were aimed at a number of priests who were drunkards, neglected the rule of celibacy, gambled, or indulged in fancy dress. Charges of clerical ignorance applied to barely literate priests who delivered poor quality sermons and who were obviously ignorant of the Latin words of the Mass. In regards to absenteeism, many clerics, especially higher ecclesiastics/clergymen, held multiple offices simultaneously- a practice termed pluralism. However, they seldom visited the communities they served by the offices, let alone performed the spiritual responsibilities those offices were entailed. Instead, they collected revenues from all of the offices assigned to them and hired a poor priestShow MoreRelatedThe Catholic Reform ation And The Jewish Torah1229 Words   |  5 PagesReligion has been altered and developed throughout history. Christianity developed based on the Jewish Torah, also known as the Old Testament in the bible. Likewise, Christianity itself has evolved over the centuries. In order to survive, it has had to change and adapt. Not only have many religions and branches of Christianity become extinct over the centuries, but Christianity has also had to merge with the cultures of other religions. For example, Christmas was not originally a Christian holidayRead MoreThe Reformation : The Success Of The Catholic Reformation864 Words   |  4 Pages The Catholic Reformation was the response of the Protestant movement in the sixteenth century. By the sixteenth century, many people lost the trust for the Catholic Church because it was corrupt. Popes and Cardinals became involved in politics and were more like kings than spiritual leaders and Nepotism was rampant. This loss of trust led people t o moved on into other branches of Christianity which includes, Lutheranism, Calvinism, and Anabaptism. Catholic Church’s realized it needed to re-establishRead MoreProtestant Reformation1706 Words   |  7 PagesPAPER 1 (PROTESTANT REFORMATION) DOUGLAS HOLLOWAY STUDENT ID# 23766838 CHHI 302_DO5_201340 FALL 2013 DR. KEITH GOAD LIBERTY UNIVERSITY NOVEMBER 05, 2013 As a result of increased corruption in the Catholic Church, a significant number of priests in the 16th century tried to transform Christianity back to its previous Biblical basis and simplicity. Initially, priests channeled much of their efforts in reforming the church, but they discovered that it was very challenging, andRead MoreMartin Luther Essay1557 Words   |  7 Pageswhose teachings inspired the Protestant Reformation and deeply influenced the doctrines of Protestant and other Christian traditions. Martin Luther was born to Hans and Margaretha Luther on 10 November 1483 in Eisleben, Germany and was baptised the next day on the feast of St. Martin of Tours, after whom he was named. Luthers call to the Church to return to the teachings of the Bible resulted in the formation of new traditions within Christianity and the Counter-Reformation in the Roman Catholic ChurchRead MoreThe Roman Catholic Church And The Protestant Reformation1496 Words   |  6 Pages There are many different denominations of Christianity in the world today including the Anglican Church, Orthodox Church, Catholicism, and Episcopal for example. Nonetheless, in the early 1500s, Catholicism was the predominant denomination. An argument that often comes up against the validity of Christianity is the actions of the Catholic church in the era prior to the Protestant Reformation. To quote Jesus Christ, â€Å"†¦build my church, and the gates of hell shall not prevail against it.† (MatthewRead MoreThe Religious Conscience Of Europe1178 Words   |  5 Pagesminister to the needs of others. Communication resources have become the glue that holds together nations, corporations, faith communities and families. This has not always been true, the many events of the sixteenth century Reformation vastly influenced the development of Christianity. As the fifteenth century closed, it was clear that the church was struggling and in need of reform. Corruption of the papacy was widespread and distrust filled the minds of the people. Historian Justo Gonzalez stated,Read More Religious Controversy During the Time of Karl Marx Essay1372 Words   |  6 Pagestime of the Communist Manifesto was very unstable; two events prior to this time that contributed to this instability are the Separation of Christianity into Eastern Orthodox and Roman Catholic, and the Protestant reformations that took place. One of the most significant turning points in the history of European religion was the separation of Christianity into western and eastern religions. The Western Church became the Roman Catholic Church while the Eastern Church became the Eastern OrthodoxRead MoreA Secularization - The Effects Of The Early Reformation1083 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"A Secularization – The Effects of the Early Reformation† In Philip Benedict’s article in response to Brad Gregory’s novel, The Unintended Reformation: How a Religious Revolution Secularized Society; Benedict addresses the long-term effects that the early Reformation had on the modern world. The articles objective is to explain how things came to be as they are institutionally and ideology in the contemporary Western world and to provide an explanation of how the past became the present. AccordingRead MoreThe Divide between the Catholic Church and the Protestant Reformation832 Words   |  3 PagesThe Counter-Reformation was the response of the Catholic Church to the Protestant Reformation set in motion by Martin Luther. 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Analysis Of Mark Twain s Works Made A Huge Impact On...

2/26/17 P:2 Outline Mark Twain’s works made a huge impact on readers and literary critics. His writing occurred during both the romantic and realist time eras in American Literature. He has simple, seemingly artless narrators and an understated style leads readers to arrive at the social commentary of his narratives on their own. Mark Twain’s writing influenced society because he created a new perspective on life with the views pointed out in his books. The distinctive trait of Twain s was his sense of humor. His writings are almost always humorous and have an element of satire to them. Satire is when people point out the absurdities of something by making fun of it a bit; so, if people notice characters with extreme personality traits†¦show more content†¦Pinsker states that twain can never fit into society, added to our growing realization that he will never be free- even should he make it to the Territory and manage to survive-that makes Twain s novel so problematic, â€Å"Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is a deeply subversive book, not because it is peppered with the N-word or even because some see racism in what is the most anti-racist book ever written in America, but because it tells the Truth-not ‘mainly,’ but right down to the core.† (Huckleberry 642). No matter how often the critics place in context Huck s use of the word â€Å"nigger,† they can never fully excuse or fully hide the deeper racism of the novel-the way Twain and Huck use Jim because they really don t care enough about his â€Å"desire for freedom to let that desire change their plans. From Mark Twain’s reality writing introduced what is the â€Å"freedom†(Huckleberry 642), explained why people need â€Å"freedom†, and impacted American that should protect their â€Å"freedom†. On the other way that Mark Twain has influenced American’s ethnocentric views from his writing, which is the Azoreans in the Innocents Abroad. In a 2003 journal with Reinaldo Francisco Silva about a review of assessing Mark Twain’s treatment of the Azoreans in the Innocents Abroad. He points out that Twain’s portrayal of the Azoreans reflects his ethnocentric views, â€Å"As other scholars haveShow MoreRelatedwisdom,humor and faith19596 Words   |  79 PagesReflections on Humor from Nietzsche to the Theatre of the Absurd 12 Humor and Wisdom in the United States: Lincoln, Beecher, Twain, Sandburg, and Buchwald 17 From The Times (of London) obituary on him (January 19, 2007) that mentioned his â€Å"wit and wisdom† in its title, available at http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/obituaries/article1294342.ece. 24 Humor, Wisdom, and Faith 25 Critics of Religious Dogmatism 26 Four Believers Who Stressed Humor: Kierkegaard, Chesterton, Niebuhr, and Auden 27 ConclusionRead MoreAN ANALYSIS PAPER ON ANTON CHEKHOV’S THE SEAGULL AND THE CHERRY ORCHARD12092 Words   |  49 PagesHigh School Department A.Y. 2013-2014 In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements In English IV AN ANALYSIS PAPER ON ANTON CHEKHOV’S THE SEAGULL AND THE CHERRY ORCHARD Submitted to: Mrs. Joneth D. Vibar Submitted by: Vincent del Castillo IV-St.Francis of Assisi Outline of Analysis 1 Author’s Style 1.1 Anton Chekhov as a Playwright and Author of Short Stories 1.1.1 Russia’s best known Modern Playwright 1.1.1Read MoreEssay on Silent Spring - Rachel Carson30092 Words   |  121 Pagesbookrags.com/studyguide-silentspring/ Copyright Information  ©2000-2007 BookRags, Inc. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. The following sections of this BookRags Premium Study Guide is offprint from Gales For Students Series: Presenting Analysis, Context, and Criticism on Commonly Studied Works: Introduction, Author Biography, Plot Summary, Characters, Themes, Style, Historical Context, Critical Overview, Criticism and Critical Essays, Media Adaptations, Topics for Further Study, Compare Contrast, What Do I ReadRead MoreGp Essay Mainpoints24643 Words   |  99 PagesMainstream GOOD: Sheer physical authenticity - reliability †¢ Cost of publishing book acts as a barrier to entry against casual writers †¢ Hardly any oversight over the quality of material that gets published via new media channels †¢ Any work, regardless of its value, can easily get broadcasted to a global audience †¢ Publishers want to ensure that their books sell *quality check* †¢ Any hack can put up his dribbling on Fictionpress.net †¢ Any angst-filled teenager can put up his

Creative Advertising of Visa Infinite †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Creative Advertising of Visa Infinite. Answer: Visa Infinite is the highest tier of credit cards offering exclusive set of benefits to the cardholders. In Canada, the Visa Infinite cardholders must have an annual income of at least $60,000 or $100,000 (CreditCardsCanada.ca, 2018). It must be noted that the benefits and offers of Canadian issued Visa Infinite card are non-transferable. Visa Infinite discounts cannot be combined with other offers or discounts (Visainfinite.ca, 2018). A few examples of Visa Infinite Cards are CIBC Cards, Laurentian Bank Visa Cards, Manulife Bank Cards, Meridian Cards and several others (Visainfinite.ca, 2018). The Visa Infinite card intends to target affluent professionals with best available hotel rate guarantee. The travellers booking hotels in Canada shall get $25 food or beverage voucher within the hotel (CreditCardsCanada.ca, 2018). Further, there are benefits like complimentary breakfast, room upgrades, late checkout and free Wi-Fi. There are incredible dining events created for Visa Infinite cardholders arranged by the best chefs in the country. The Visa Infinite card also provides benefits in concierge that helps the cardholders in making reservations for vacation or dinner. There are no fees for availing concierge services. The cardholders can avail assistance 24/7 with a simple phone call (Visainfinite.ca, 2018). Based on the Visa Infinite Wine Country Program, the cardholders must be of legal drinking age for availing benefits like reservations, tours, tastings and selection of merchandise (Visainfinite.ca, 2018). Moreover, the Visa Infinite cardholders can get early access to s porting and entertainment tickets before the common public (Visainfinite.ca, 2018). References CreditCardsCanada.ca. (2018).Visa Infinite Review Visas Premium Loyalty Program, CreditCardsCanada.ca.CreditCardsCanada.ca. Retrieved 20 March 2018, from https://www.creditcardscanada.ca/blog/visa-infinite-review/ Visainfinite.ca. (2018).Visa Infinite.Visainfinite.ca. Retrieved 20 March 2018, from https://www.visainfinite.ca/infinite/terms.jsp

Saints at the River free essay sample

These instances of betrayal contribute to the meaning of the text as a whole. The meaning of the text is the conflict between the Kowalsky`s and the people of Oconee county. The acts of betrayal show who some of the characters really are and bring out the theme of this book. The two themes focused in the text are moving beyond the past and people will always face consequences. When Luke and Maggie were dating, he made her believe things about that river and how it was sacred. Maggie betrays Luke when she decides that Ruth’s body should be brought out of the river. Maggie’s father left her and her brother alone one day when they were younger. Maggie grew a strong dislike for her father when Ben suffered major burns while he was gone. Her father had to deal with the consequences for a while. After the towns controversy over how Ruth’s body would be taken out of the river, Maggie finally decides to forgive her father after all these years. We will write a custom essay sample on Saints at the River or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The town betrays the river rats and the law when they allow a temporary damn to be put in to stop water from flowing so they can get her body out. When the dam fails the first time, the town does not let a second attempt to happen out of fear that another life would be lost. After the death of his twin brother, Ronny betrays the Sherriff and throws dynamite into the river to get the bodies out of the hydraulic. Betrayal is a big part of what makes up this story. Each instance contributes to the meaning and themes of the text. Two major themes are moving beyond the past and people will always have to face their consequences. Maggie puts the past behind her when she decides to forgive her father after all these years. Her father faces his consequences of leaving his kids alone by having Maggie dislike him because of her brother getting burned. When a person betrays another person, whether it is friends or family, there are consequences. The acts of betrayal in this text bring out the true characteristics of some certain characters.

Effects and Solutions to the Eradicating of Illiteracy Essay Example

Effects and Solutions to the Eradicating of Illiteracy Paper Words: functional literacy, earnings determinants, Ghana, Sub-Sahara Africa Abstract This article analyzes the determinants of literacy and earnings in Ghana. It links literacy and earnings with a variety of factors, including age, gender, family educational background, distance to school, and income. Literacy and age are negatively correlated, suggesting that efforts at strengthening the supply and quality of basic education programs in recent years have been successful in raising literacy rates. Females are less literate than males, controlling for other actors. Parents education is positively associated with literacy. Distance to the nearest primary school, residency in a rural area, and poverty affect literacy negatively. Functional literacy appears to be a prerequisite for entering the labor market, Which may partly explain the lack Of return to education Other than middle school and technical/professional training. The policy implication of the study is that basic education and literacy programs should target females and poorer households, especially in rural areas. We would like to thank Rosemary Bellmen and Helena Rib for invaluable support. We are also indebted to Rocco Castro; Ronald Reneging; Nicolai Christensen; our discussant, Inhabitant Data Guppy; and the other participants at the conference on the Economics of Education and Human Capital, held by the Centre for Labor Market and Social Research and the Argus School Of Business, Denmark, in June, 1399, for helpful comments and suggestions. The views expressed here are those Of the authors and should not be attributed to the World Bank or any of its member countries. We will write a custom essay sample on Effects and Solutions to the Eradicating of Illiteracy specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Effects and Solutions to the Eradicating of Illiteracy specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Effects and Solutions to the Eradicating of Illiteracy specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Addresses: Department of Economics, The George Washington University, 2201 G street, Washington, DC 20052, USA and world Bank, 1818 H street, NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA E-mail: [emailprotected] Org, [emailprotected] Org. 1. INTRODUCTION Significant and rapid increases in earnings and education have taken place over the past hundred years in industrial economies. In developing economies the picture is different: High illiteracy rates and very low incomes, and thus widespread poverty, are realities for large parts of the world. Literacy and income are closely linked. Establishing and assessing the nature of these links may help increase both literacy rates and earnings, thereby eradicating poverty. In this article, we analyze the determinants of literacy and earnings in Ghana based on two household surveys. Our results link literacy and earnings with a variety factors, including age, gender, family educational background, distance to school, and income. Literacy and age are found to be inversely correlated, implying that younger generations are more literate than older generations. This relationship indicates that recent efforts to strengthen the supply and quality of basic education programs have been successful. Females are found to be less literate than males, controlling for Other factors. Parents education is positively correlated with their childrens literacy. Distance to the nearest primary school and residency in a rural area, are negatively correlated with literacy rates. Poverty and literacy are also negatively correlated. Our analysis Of the determinants Of earnings reveals no significant returns to education other than middle school and technical/professional training. This result may indicate that the quality of education in Ghana generally is poor. Alternatively, it could suggest that education is not serving as a signaling device in Ghana. Functional literacy affects selection into the labor market. In evolving countries, jobs are rationed (that is, demand-side determined). We therefore interpret this result to indicate that functional literacy is a prerequisite for entering the labor market. This interpretation may partly explain the lack of returns to education. The policy implications of these results are that greater efforts should be devoted to developing functional literacy skills and basic education. Policymakers should aim to increase both the supply and the quality of basic education and literacy programs. Basic education and literacy programs should target females and poorer households, especially in rural areas. The article is organized as follows. Section 2 describes changes in and determinants of literacy. Section 3 describes the Ghanaian economy. Section 4 presents the economic model and the econometric methodology underlying the analysis. Section 5 presents the data and descriptive statistics, and section 6 presents the regression analysis. Section 7 summarizes the articles findings and draws policy conclusions. 2. CHANGES IN AND DETERMINANTS OF LITERACY opinions differ widely over how best to define literacy. Unesco defines a functionally literate person as any person 15 or older who can read and write a simple statement on his or her everyday life (Unesco 1993, p. 24). The World Development Report (1997) also adopts this definition of functional literacy. Others propose a broader and more explicitly political definition. Paulo Ferrier, the Brazilian educator, sees literacy as a process of concentrations that involves reading the world rather than merely reading the word (Ferrier and Macedon 1987). Widespread literacy is a twentieth century phenomenon. Before the nineteenth century, when public school systems were developed, education was reserved for the few. School systems developed in industrial countries largely in response to increased and more peccadillo industrialization, which in turn lead to increased economic growth and demand for an even more educated labor-force. Over the past decade, education worldwide has exploded, as a result of the overstraining demand for still more specialized labor. Attitudes toward education have also shifted. Less than 50 years ago, education, especially higher education, was reserved largely for men. Today people in industrial countries believe the entire population has the right to education. 2. 1 Developments in Literacy in the United States Literacy progressed in stages in the united States. Initially, according to Has (1996), literacy spread because radical Protestants wanted to read the Bible. Their need for literacy lead to agitation for general public education in the nineteenth century. Literacy rates later rose as a result of several societal changes, beginning with Reconstruction (Coy 1988). Immigration during the Industrial Revolution and the Progressive reform movement increased literacy later in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. World War and the Depression forced the federal government into a more active and direct role, and literacy rose even farther. The civil rights event of the 1 *ass shifted the focus to minority groups, broadening efforts to fight illiteracy. Coy believes that the concept of functional literacy developed during this period and that the formalization of that concept helped increase the number of adult literacy programs. 2. 2 Developments in Literacy in Great Britain In Great Britain literacy also progressed in stages, Street (1995) identifies three distinct stages in the modern development of adult literacy programs. First, the recognition of adult illiteracy being a widespread phenomenon in the sass lead to increased focus on the issue. Government grants were provided, a national Right to Read Campaign was launched, and local practice and experience Vass developers During the sass and early sass the government-funded agency Adult Literacy and Basic Skills Licit emerged. The unit provided materials and guidelines for good practice and funded small research projects. Since the late sass there has been a shift in policy and focus, aiming at adjusting education toward changing national and economic needs. 2. 3 Rates of Literacy in Developing Countries Substantial regional differences in illiteracy rates exist. The rate of illiteracy is relatively low in Latin America and the Caribbean (13. 4) and very high in South Asia (50. 6 percent) (table 1). Ghana is in the middle of the spectrum, with an illiteracy rate of 35. 5 percent. Regions with high illiteracy rates also tend to have low per capita GNP and high philanderer ratio. Within Sub-Sahara Africa, substantial differences exist between Anglophone and Francophone countries (table 2). Illiteracy rates in Anglophone countries are 16 percentage points lower than in Francophone countries. Average per capita GNP in Anglophone countries is more than twice as high as in Francophone countries, school enrollments are higher, and pupil teacher ratios are lower (37. 8 pupils per teacher in Anglophone countries versus 47_3 pupils per teacher in Francophone countries). Table 1. Selected Social and Macroeconomic Indicators, Ghana and Six Regional Groups, 1995 Middle East Latin Europe Cubans America and North South Sahara and the East Asia Central Africa Asia Caribbean Africa Asia Ghana and Pacific Indicator Adult illiteracy rate (percent) 35. 16. 9 -? 13. 4 38. 7 50. 6 44. 0 GNP per capita 350. 0 807. 8 -? 3,419. 8 -? 354. 1 485. 6 Gross primary enrollment ratio 76. 0 1154 99. 6 Ill . 5 96. 5 egg. C 74. 6 (percent) Ratio of primary school pupils to 27. 6 24. 2 20. 0 24. 5 27. 8 62. 7 40. 6 teachers Notes: -? Not available, gross primary enrollment ratio and ratio Of primary school pupils to teachers for Ghana are for 1993. Source: World Bank Detests database. Table 2. Selected Social and Macroeconomic Indicators, Ghana and Anglophone and Francophone Countries in Substandard Africa, 1995 Indicator Ghana Anglophone countries Francophone countries in Sub-Sahara Africa in Sub- Sahara Africa Adult illiteracy rate (percent) 35. 5 36. 1 51. 9 GNP per capita 350. 0 675. 7 333. 4 Gross enrollment ratio (percent), primary 76. 88. 8 64. 4 Ratio of pupils to teachers, primary 27. 6 37. 8 47. 3 Notes: Gross primary enrollment ratio and ratio of primary school pupils to teachers for Ghana are for 1993, Source: World Bank Detests database. 2. Worldwide Increases in Literacy For the world as a whole, illiteracy rates have declined significantly, falling from almost 40 percent in 19/0 to just AS percent in 1990. Rates of illiteracy fell even more dramatically in developing countries, declining from SO percent in 1970 to AS percent in Gigs (Limb; 1996). Wide differences across gender, geographical region, and age exist within countries, however. Or the most part, m ales have higher literacy rates than females, urban areas have higher literacy rates than rural areas, and younger generations have higher literacy rates than older generations. Limb (I egg) also draws attention to the fact that while total illiteracy rates have been falling, the proportion of women in the Worlds total illiterate population has been rising. Three reasons for this tendency are suggested: the technologies of goods production, the nature Of human reproduction, and institutionalizing Of violence in the state. 2. 5 Literature on the Determinants of Literacy Little has been written on he determinants Of literacy. Law, Sprat, and Laborer (1995) analyze the determinants of literacy in Morocco. They find that illiteracy is more widespread among females than among males, higher in rural areas than in urban areas, and inversely correlated with age. The negative relationship between age and literacy may reflect both deteriorating literacy skills over time and improvements in the quality of education. Cavy, Sprat, and Laborer also find that parents literacy and household expenditure level positively affect the level of childrens literacy, suggesting that poverty and family background are important determinants to literacy. Verne (1999) analyzes the determinants of worldwide literacy rates by applying a human capital framework. She finds that enrollment rates, average years of schooling of adults, and life expectancy at birth are the main determinants of literacy, Income affects literacy in a nonlinear fashion, with a negative impact until a threshold of about $2,000 income per year per capita, after which the effect is positive, Institutional and regional variables are not very important in explaining literacy across countries. Literacy rates differ widely across regions, a finding that can be explained by social and economic notations 3. AN OVERVIEW OF THE GHANAIAN ECONOMY Ghana is a low-income country, With per capita income Of 5406 in 1998 (World Bank 199%). It relies heavily on the agricultural sector, in particular cocoa, which accounts for almost half of GAP (World Bank Bibb). From the mid. CSS to the mid. sass, declining cocoa production and trade restrictions stalled economic growth in Ghana. The return of more than a million Ghanaian from Nigeria in 1982-83 and a prolonged drought in 1982 caused growth rates to fall to laetrile low levels by about 1984 In conjunction with the MIFF and the World Bank, the Ghanaian government initiated he Economic Recovery Program (ERR) in 1983. The program implemented a number of policy reforms aimed at restoring macroeconomic stability, encouraging savings and investment, providing an enabling environment for the private sector, and improving public sector management, including prevarication of some of the many publicly owned enterprises, The ERR places significant emphasis on education. The Education Sector Reform Program, established in 1987, improved the efficiency, quality, and relevance of education. The program also increased access to education and shortened the length of pre-university schooling from 17 to 12 years. As a result of the reform program, spending on education rose from 1. 4 percent of GAP in 1983 to 3. 8 percent of GAP in 1934. The governments plans for additional reforms are outlined in its development starter, Ghana-vision 2020 (Republic of Ghana 1935). A substantial part of the programs social agenda is aimed at basic education. Specific goals include achieving universal basic education and adult literacy, increasing access to secondary and tertiary education, and strengthening laborer skills by increasing technical and vocational training. To achieve these goals, the overspent, With the assistance Of the World Bank and Other donors, launched the Basic Education Sector Improvement Program in 1996. The program plans to increase investment in school facilities and teacher housing in rural areas and to strengthen science and math in the curriculum by raising education expenditures from 3. 8 percent of GAP in 1998 to 4. Percent in 2001. 4. THE ECONOMIC MODEL AND THE ECONOMETRIC FRAMEWORK The framework tort the analysis is standard human capital theory, in which individuals build up knowledge and skills through education and experience specific on-the-job experience as well as general experience (Becker 1975: Minced 1974). According to the theory, individuals who invest in human capital are subsequently rewarded with higher earnings. Formally, the economic model may be derived from the theory of either household or individual demand for schooling, both of which view education as an investment in human capital. In industrial economies, in which subsidies for education are common, the investment decision may be viewed as an individual decision; in developing economies the relevant decision unit may be the household (Chandler, Lava, and Filmier 1994; Mason and Chandler 1997). Households will invest in education up to the point at which the marginal benefit from an additional year Of schooling equals the marginal cost of an additional year of schooling. In the traditional human capital literature, earnings are determined by education and Other individual, household, and, possibly, community characteristics. Earnings are observed, however. Only for individuals who have positive earnings (that is, who actually supply labor). To take this into account, we specify a labor supply function. Our model then becomes: (1) (2) Ii Is E(lie, HI, Chi) S(lie, Hair Chi) This implicitly assumes that the household decommissioned possesses perfect information and that capital markets are perfect. Both assumptions are very restrictive and appear unrealistic in developing economies. Where Ii (earnings of individual i) and Is (the labor supply of individual i) are the dependent variables; is a vector of individual characteristics, such as age and age squared (to capture possible nonlinearities), gender, the individuals level of education, and the level of education of the individuals parents; H is a vector of household characteristics, such as the wealth of the household: and C is a vector f community variables, such as urban versus rural location. Literacy, L, is then determined by the following simple model: (3) Lie = L(lie, Hi, Chi) The explanatory variables are similar to those in the earnings equation, with some differences. In order to investigate the possible link between poverty and literacy, we include earnings and the poverty quintile of the household in H. We also include a measure Of the distance to the nearest primary school in C To analyze the determinants of earnings, we use a Hickman selection model (1976, 1979), which can be briefly described as follows. Consider the earnings regression: (4) In Wi = Xi; * Ii here In Wi is log-earnings for individual i, Xi is a vector of explanatory variables for individual i, is a vector of parameters, and Ii is an error term capturing unobserved variables, The problem in estimating equation 4 is that we implicitly apply a sample selection rule because we observe only earnings of individuals who work; potential earnings of people who do not supply labor are not incorporated. If the sample has characteristics that dieter from those of the underlying population in a nonrandom fashion, it will suffer from a selection bias, which, if not taken into account, will lead to biased parameter estimates. Hessians solution to this problem is to incorporate the labor supply choice in the earnings equation. The earnings and labor supply choice equations thus become: In Wiz = Uzi where equation 5 is the earnings equation (equivalent to equation 4), in equation 6 is a latent variable that reflects the excess utility from participating in the labor market, and Uzi is a vector of variables explaining the labor supply decision of individual i. The latent variable l* corresponds to the indicator variable: lie- 1 if > 0, 0 otherwise The model is estimated by first estimating the inverse Mills ratio and then including it as an additional regresses in equation 5: (7) In Wi Kip -t- Ii where ski is an estimate of the inverse Mills ratio for individual i. The Hickman model views labor supply as an individual choice. This view may be inappropriate in a development context, where the absence of (public) safety nets means that there is not likely to be much of a choice involved in the labor supply decision. The labor actually supplied to the market is likely to be determined more from the demand sid e than from the supply side. This contrasts with industrial economies, in which the labor supply decision is likely to be made in a different Skilled workers are more likely to supply their labor than unskilled workers since they forgo more income than do skilled workers by staying idle (given that there is a social safety net whose benefits are high enough not to force them into working). We applied the maximum likelihood version of the Hickman selection model -? rather than the Two-Step version in order to be able to weight the data. We view the Hickman model as the general model, the validity of which must be tested against the reduced model, The reduced model here is the standard earnings equation, which is nested within the selection model. That is, the standard earnings equation is a special case of the selection model in which the selection correction terms, Ai, are statistically insignificantly different trot zero. S. THE DATA AND DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS We test the model using data from two household surveys, the 1931192 Ghana Living Standards Survey (GILLS) and the 1997 Core Welfare Indicators Questionnaire (CSCW). GILLS aims at obtaining measures of the living standard in Ghana on several dimensions, including health and education/literacy_ The survey is very extensive and includes 4,565 schooled. The CSCW aims mainly at providing data applicable for analyzing factors affecting poverty, education, and labor markets issues. It contains a much smaller number of questions (questions about earnings, for example, are not included) but a larger sample of households (14,514) and individuals (60,686). 5. Results on Literacy Investigating literacy and its covariates for the GELS data enables differentiating between several types Of literacy and reveals that being able to read and write in English is associated with higher earnings than is being able to read and write in one or more Ghanaian languages (table 3). The various measures of literacy are highly correlated, however. A problem that is likely to cause collinear in the regression analysis of the next section. To circumvent these problems, we comb ine the various literacy variables into a single composite measure of functional literacy.

charles goodyear essays

charles goodyear essays Charles Goodyear was born in New Haven, Connecticut on December 29, 1800 to Amasa and Cynthia Goodyear. Charless father was a hardware manufacture and a merchant. Amasa Goodyear built mainly farming tools like hayforks and scythes, which he invented. When Charles was a teenager he wanted to go into the ministry and become a pastor, but his father convinced him that he was a good business man and placed him in the hardware store of the Rogers brothers in Philadelphia at the age of seventeen. He worked there until he was twenty-one years old. At that time he returned to New Haven to join his fathers business, making farm tools. For five years he worked for his father, building up the family business. On August 24, 1824, while he was still working for his father he married Clarissa Beecher who also lived in New Haven, Connecticut. In 1826 Charles Goodyear decided to move to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. There he opened a hardware store where he sold the products that his father made. Four years after opening this store both Amasa and Charles Goodyear were bankrupt because they would extend credit to customers and the customers would never pay back the money that they owed. Charless health started to decline and both father and son owed tens of thousands of dollars. For the next thirty years Charles Goodyear was thrown in prison over ten times because he didnt pay his debts. In 1834 when he was in New York, on a business trip, the Roxbury India Rubber Company caught his eye. He decided to go inside the store and take a look around. While he was in the store he saw an India rubber valve on one of the products in the store. He thought that a better valve on a product of his fathers might help them pay off some of their debt. He decided to make a better valve with Indian rubber. A few days later he showed it to the manager of the Roxbury India Rubber Company, who was very impressed with valve, but ...

Identifying Resources Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Identifying Resources - Term Paper Example nesses and threats and build upon opportunities and strengths in my course project and how I would leverage these resources to carry out the change I am proposing through the strategic plan. Addressing strengths and weaknesses and building upon opportunities and threats is a time consuming process that requires highly skilled personnel or team to collect and analyze data (Sare and Ogilvie, 2010). Therefore, highly skilled personnel is one of the critical resources needed. The second resource alluded to by Sare and Ogilvie (2010) is finances. For a change to be achieved, there must be enough funds to finance day to day, weekly, and monthly activities and processes that are directed towards addressing weaknesses and threats and build on strengths and opportunities. In relation to optimal number of nurses as an unmet need, lack of relevant skills among the few available nurses as a threat necessitates availability of funds to facilitate the needed training programs. The third resource in this context is partnerships (Sare and Ogilvie, 2010). To implement action plans to address the weaknesses and threats and build on the strengths and opportunities, a multidisciplinary app roach is needed. Partnering with both internal and external stakeholders is also important in order to attract the needed support. Fourthly, technology (Sare and Ogilvie, 2010) is also a critical resource in this context. Efficiency of services in a healthcare institution is highly attributable to technology. Adoption of technology as an opportunity for improvement for instance could help improve efficiency of services through enabling easy access of patients information. One of the ways I would leverage these resources to achieve the needed change is budgeting. In elucidating a budget, Inc (n.d, para.3) posits that "Modern budgets not only limit expenditures; they also predict income, profits, and returns on investment a year ahead". In addition, Inc (n.d) posits that a budget helps business

How to Use Gold in Wind Turbine Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

How to Use Gold in Wind Turbine - Case Study Example This explains the re-emergence of wind power as a green and sustainable source of energy. The argument behind the re-emergence of wind powers source of energy cannot only be looked at in the context of milling rain or pumping of water as was the case in the past, but is all about the energy needs that have grown due to globalization and industrialization (Schmid and Klein 1990, p.17). Wind power is generally harnessed from wind in motion, which is transformed into energy with the help of a wind turbine. Blaabjerg and Chen (2006 p.1) note that wind turbine has been one of the fastest growing renewable energy technologies. Its development began in the 1980s with just some tens of kilowatts in terms of power rating to the current megawatts. Blaabjerg and Chen argue that in the past, production of wind power did not have a lot of impact in the system of power operation and control, but today it contributes a lot in energy supply since the level of power penetration is on the rapid increa se (Paraschivoiu 2002 p.45). In the beginning, the technology used in wind turbine was generally the squirrel-cage induction generators, which were directly being connected to the grid. During this time, there were no active controls of active power reactors. The parameters used for control has become necessary due to the increase in the power range for the wind turbines. Blaabjerg and Chen note that the introduction of power electronics has led to a change in the basic characteristics of the wind turbine from a source of energy to an active source of power. In recent times, many nations are making a rash toward the use of gold in the manufacture of the wind turbines. This paper will discuss the main parts that make up a wind turbine and their functions. The paper will also discuss the choice of materials that are used in the manufacture of the major parts and where gold as a raw material is used under the current design and where it can be used. Main Parts Of A Wind Turbine And The ir Functions Ancona and Mc Veigh (2001 p.1) note that wind turbines usually come in a varying sizes and configurations, built from different materials. The wind turbine consists of four main parts; the rotor which has wing-shaped blades connected to a hub; a nacelle which holds a drivetrain consisting of a gearbox, support bearing, connecting shaft, the generator and the machinery; a tower; and the electrical equipment mounted on the ground Ancona and Mc Veigh (2001 p.3). Turbine Rotor Blade The turbine rotor is the part that coverts the alternating wind energy into a mechanical energy, which is then converted into electrical energy via a generator, which is then moved to the grid with the help of a transformer and lines of transmission. Within the wind turbine there exists a blade aerodynamically designed that captures the wind power and converts it to rotating mechanical energy. Blaabjerg and Chen (2006 p.3) note that the number of blades that make the rotor may vary. The speed of rotation usually decreases with an increase in the radius of the blades. For instance, for a wind turbine of megawatt range, the speed of rotation ranges between 10-15 rpm. The blades exist in different sizes from about 34 to 55 meters. The rotor blades are made of materials such as carbon fiber, balsa wood, and fiberglass with high tensile ratio. The materials are usually modeled to form airfoils that

Philosophy Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Philosophy - Article Example (d) PERSON or HUMAN – The idea of a person in Hicks is tied to the ability to be â€Å"responsible for one’s own decisions,† which he says causes one to be â€Å"a finite center of freedom.† (106) A working definition in the context of the essay might perhaps be that a person or human is a being created by Judeo-Christian God and given the ability to exercise the power of free will. He also makes the point that this means persons are not necessarily good due to these â€Å"moral freedoms,† and that this is why â€Å"persons† are the only ones â€Å"capable of entering into a personal relationship with their Creator by a free and uncompelled response to his love.† (108) (e) FREE WILL – Free Will in Hicks means a will that decides things in a way that cannot be analyzed on a strictly causal level. Hicks gives the example of a patient who has received hypnosis therapy, and that â€Å"his volitions of actually been predetermined by another will †¦ in relation to whom the patient is not a free agent.† (107) This, he says, is not truly free will. Therefore, true free will, even if given by God, must not contain any pre-conditions like a mind â€Å"infallibly guaranteed always to act rightly.† (107) The argument put forward for this is that non-moral or natural evil acts as a sort of character-building process which helps people to become successful (Christian) people and enables them to truly ascend to a higher plane of spirituality. Because Christianity has â€Å"never supposed Gods purpose in the creation of the world was to construct a paradise,† the fact that natural evil exists does not contradict the idea of a benevolent, omnipotent deity. (109) Hicks paraphrases Irenaeus, who believed that although Man was made in the image of God, the suffering and hardships of the world were a necessary evil to help turn man into the â€Å"finite likeness of God, which is revealed in Christ.† (109) In other words, it is only through suffering that Man can become

Underdevelopment: The Democratic Republic Of Congo

Underdevelopment: The Democratic Republic Of Congo Most of African countries are underdeveloped, and according to theories of modernization factors such as population, traditional agrarian structure, and illiteracy, low division of labor, poor infrastructure and communication. For development to take place there has to be change in these factors for example the rate of population growth has to change, infrastructure has to be improved and so on. Countries in the world are ranked in terms of development from the most to the least developed and each country has its position. In that regard, Democratic Republic of Congo ranks among the underdeveloped countries in the world. According to Theodore, (2009) The Democratic Republic of Congo earlier known as Zaire is the biggest nation in Africa. This country is rich in valuable natural resources, which include petroleum, cobalt, diamond, and copper. Since its independence in 1960, the country knows not what true democracy is. It has been faced with prolonged civil and ethnic strife. This has led to political, economic, and social instability all over the country, making this country to remain underdeveloped despite its wealth in natural resources. Mining and exportation of diamond, copper, cobalt and other resources have greatly contributed to internal conflicts. According to Hope (2004) civil war started as early as after the independence; however, the United Nations intervened on a peacekeeping mission. The country experienced thirty-six years of conflict from 1964 to 1997 when Mobutu Sese Sekou was overthrown from presidency by the present President Kabila forces. Though the neighboring countries came, in to support restores peace in the country but this has not been a success as these countries also show interests in getting a share of the wealth got from mining of these resources. The peace deal signed in 1999 by the concerned parties did not stop the civil war (Udombana, 2000). Political situation of the country has been a major contribution to the countries underdevelopment. Countries that are developed or developing normally are good democracies. The rule of the people by the people, political stability is very critical in providing room for change in the factors that cause underdevelopment. Contrary to democratic rule, the country experienced seen a long dictatorial regime during the era of Mobutu Sese Seko. Underdevelopment was fuelled by the fact that power was concentrated to the president. The government institutions were stifled and their role was to rubber stamp orders from above. Compromising the role played by institutions is a major hindrance to the path of development. The dictatorial regime controlled all the corporations and every aspect of the administration. This contributed to the countries underdevelopment in that decisions were centralized and in a top down approach. Since the country was had one party, the dictator took advantage of his power to make sure that only those who were in support and loyal to the party become CEOs, directors and union leaders (Lubeck, 1992). This led to mismanagement of public institutions and much looting at the expense of poor citizens widening the gap between the rich and the poor. When president Kabila was elected many thought that the country was on the road to democracy. However, the regime maintained the status quo in that the president had legislative. Executive and military powers vested in him. This kind of a government structure does not give full support of development because the executive is not accountable for any omission or commission in any act regarding the country. After the assignation of Kabila in 2001, his son Kabila took over with the objective of developing the country. The transition constitution has greatly contributed in determining the structure and organization of the countrys institutions helping put them back on development track. The constitution has also caused devolution of powers between the central and provinces governments. From the economic perspective, the Democratic Republic of Congo is economically underdeveloped compared to other countries in Africa and all over the world. Democratic Republic Congo is very rich in valuable minerals and favorable climate that can spur economic growth to great height however, the country is still underdeveloped mainly due to the political instability of the country. Economic development is what causes an increase in the living standards of a countrys population. In Congo the citizens, live in poor conditions despite the presence of mining firms in the country the citizens earn very little wages, which translates into poor quality of life (Mbaku, 2004). Though there has been several economic development plans set as early as 1982 the expenditure called for in the development of infrastructure, agriculture, forestry, and light industry is never reached due to economic difficulties. One main challenge to economic development in the country is the overdependence on petroleum at the expense of other industries. The country has not succeeded in boosting those economic activities that do not mainly rely on imports. Despite the favorable climate sector such as agriculture have been neglected. Thus, the income earned in exportation of minerals is used to import food supplies. Overreliance on international aid is a major bottleneck to economic development in the country (Porter, Craig 2004). Countries such as China, Soviet Union, and France provided significant aid with France being the leading donor. Although international aid is normally given to spur economic development, countries that relies much on foreign aid face economic challenges when the donors withdraw or fail to give what such countries expected. The political instability in the country has made many donors to withdraw their pledges put strain on the Congos economy, which is a combination of industrial sector relying on petroleum mining, traditional agriculture and services. Congos economy has however, made substantial progress mainly because of the reforms. The country has taken measures to liberalize the economy through investment, hydrocarbons, and tax reforms. However, not all these reforms have succeeded some are yet to be felt by neither the common citizens on the ground nor the investors. Plans to privatize main parastatals the transportation and telecommunication monopolies, was a good one that would have helped improve unreliable and dilapidated infrastructure. Nevertheless, the plans were never implemented and the state of telecommunication and infrastructure is still very poor. To achieve economic development the country needs to make serious moves towards economic stabilization through restructuring external debt and public finances improvement. In the late 1990, the country was back on track in terms of economic development with major economic reforms. However, this later hindered by several external and internal factors that followed. For example, in 1998 the oil prices slumped put much strain on the countrys budget deficit. Armed conflict broke out in the same year straining the economic prospects, which chiefly depend on political stability (Booth, 1985). The country has to make the investment climate remains unfavorable making many investors to shy away from investing in the country. Investors especially foreign investors have in many countries contributed to spur the economic growth of these countries. Slater (1993) argues that development from the social perspective refers to qualitative changes in the society structure and functioning, in a bid to achieve the objectives better. To attain social development there has to be increased awareness that will lead to better organizations. In the Democratic Republic of Congo from the social perspective is poorly developed. The structure and functioning of the society is poor there is need to create awareness among the Congolese to help create better organizations. This will help improve their living standards, health, education and other quality life measures. Education levels and access to facilities such as hospitals in the country is still very poor (Brohman, 1996). Most of the citizens are either illiterate or only have basic education. The political instability has played a significant role in hindering human development this further deters social development. Political instability of the country has caused major social injustices; social development takes place in societies that have democratic rule and freedom. This freedom promotes creativity and invention for the betterment of a society. The social welfare in the country has for a long time been compromised, the economic gains only benefit a few who are in power. Women have over the years fallen victims of social injustices from rape especially during conflicts to discrimination in the job market. The country has failed to provide social services such as security and health care to its population. Social services are not equally distributed in the country (Harrison, 2005). Conclusion It is no doubt that The Democratic Republic of Congo is an underdeveloped country despite its wealth in valuable resources. Political instability has been the main challenge to a successful economic development strategy. The country has poor transportation networks, which is still a major challenge to economic development. The country needs major reforms be on the development track. To achieve overall development the country must not overlook any of the development perspectives (Simon, 2003). The political development is crucial for any development or growth to take place. It is through political stability and democratic rule that lead to the development of other sectors such as economic, social and technological. Fences by August Wilson: Analysis of Troy Fences by August Wilson: Analysis of Troy Unintentional Effect Around the early 1900s, racism was prominent and wasnt sugarcoated at all. African Americans had to deal with several obstacles around this period because of the discrimination in certain things they wanted to partake in. These actions effected many African Americans because it forced some of them to look at the world with hatred and it limited many of their opportunities in life. Racism is sad reality in our nation that affects all types of people and it continues to shake and alter lives. People use racism as a sort of way to detect the differences with their peers and spike bias towards a group of people. Some people go the extra mile in insulting, attacking or mentally attacking others because of racist ideals they believe in. In the play Fences by August Wilson, Troys dreams of becoming a professional baseball player got ripped away because of his racial appearance. This single experience has slowly made him look at life differently. He easily gets fooled by his inner thoughts b ecause of the past racial discrimination he endured and believes his self-created illusions. Racism has played an important role in Troys life which is evident based on the certain decisions he has made in his life. Because of these experiences in his life, Troys rash decisions in the play causes tensions and conflicts with his family. One of the rash decisions Troy does in the play is when he prevents his son from playing football. Based on the college scholarship, Cory had a bright future in playing football but Troy completely neglects that and says that Cory will not get involved in no sports. Not after what they did to me in the sports (Wilson 1053). Because of the past discrimination Troy faced in his life, Troy also assumed that Cory wouldnt get a fair shake either because of his skin color. Troy argued that because of his skin color, he was prevented from playing in the Major Leagues. Later in the story, he tells the coach that Cory isnt allowed to play football and he told the recruiter to leave and to never come back. Troy doesnt see that by pulling Cory away from achieving his dream at being a football player, he is creating tension and he is subconsciously not allowing Cory to have a better life than him. If Cory had got the opportunity and played football in college, he would have been able to get a co llege education while playing the sport he loves. Troy doesnt see that however because Troy is still effected from the denial he got when he was trying to play professional baseball. Although he cares about Cory and he thinks by preventing him from playing football is only for his own good, that decision wasnt wise because he is basically doing what society did to him which is preventing him from achieving his dreams. Troy aspires to be fighter and a survivor in life and from Roses perspective that shows through his son Cory. Troys true intentions are to show his son that nothing comes easy. The ultimate flaw however is that Troy looks at the world in his perspective. Troy is trying to prevent Cory from going through the same harsh experiences as him but he is unintentional recreating the same obstacles which are preventing Cory from becoming the full potential of himself. Throughout the play, Troy is imposing his will on Cory and he is basically preventing him from exploring the world for himself. This causes Cory to have conflicts with his dad because they dont agree completely. In the article Baseball as History and Myth in August Wilsons Fences by Susan Koprince, Susan says that Troys front yard is literally turned into a battleground during his confrontations with his younger son Cory (Koprince 354). With each argument and conflict, Cory slowly characteristics change in the story. In the begi nning of the story, he was a cheerful kid hopeful for his future. However because of the denial of pursing football and the constant back and forth between him and Tory, he becomes very bitter just like his father. This isnt a good thing because once Cory picks up his father characteristics, it forces him to see the world in a single perspective and thats not his full potential but an intentional effect from Troys reactionary decision. Like stated before Troy isnt trying to harm his family at all. Troy went through a lot in his past and he doesnt want his family to go through that same experience he went through. He felt it was his job to be a father and protect his family from his past mistakes. Troy went to jail for fifth teen years for murder. A man he tried to rob pulled a gun on him so in retaliation he stabbed him. Experiences like this Troy doesnt want any of his sons to go down that path. Lyons is Troys son from a previous relationship. While Troy was in prison, Lyons didnt have a dad growing up and he didnt really have guidance in the world. Lyons doesnt seem particularly bitter about any of this. He just seems to accept things as they come. Lyons passion is becoming a musician. Troy however doesnt see that as a serious thing. He instead sees that as a dangerous path. Troy says You living the fast lifeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦wanna be a musicianà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦running around in them clubs and thingsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (W ilson 1041). Although Troy sounded harsh there, this was probably the most honest and sincere thing he told Lyons. Troy views Lyons dream as a risk because hes not getting any income from this profession. Every time Troy gets paid, Lyon appears asking for a handout. This offends Troy because he never had handouts coming up. From the experiences of growing up in a white society, he believes that African Americans have to work for everything that they want. From the article, Susan writes that Instead of limitless opportunity, [Troy] has come to know racial discrimination and poverty (353). He wants Lyons to take on a safer route which is working somewhere with a structure rather than the freelance world of music. He doesnt want Lyons to get lost in that music world and result into doing the things he used to do that caused him to go to jail. Lyons doesnt see the world like Troy. Lyons isnt bitter at the world like Troy and he expresses himself through music. Lyons has the same mindset as Cory which is that they can do something special for their lives in this society full of opportunities. Troy believes that Lyons isnt aware on the harsh treatment African Americans go through and it shows clearly when his son asks him for ten dollars. This conflict shows how Troy distance himself away from Lyons. Troy doesnt feel comfortable giving out ten dollars because he feels like hes being taken advantage of. This goes back to the self-created illusions Troy creates because of the past experiences he dealt with especially with whites. Troy basically creates a barrier to Lyons because of this fear. Lyons doesnt want to take advantage of Troy but he wants a closer relationship with father. This isnt possible because Troy doesnt support Lyons career and he doesnt give Lyons the same attention he gives Cory. Sadly, Troy doesnt see that Lyons wants more attention instead he looks at Lyons as someone who is trying to take his hard-owned money. Troy later in the play makes another decision that shifts the tone of play where he commits an affair with Alberta. Troy feels trapped in a marriage where he cant display his true self. He doesnt blame Rose but from this scene he looks very unapologetic. He felt like with all the responsibilities of being a father and provider for his family, he needed a way to escape all that. This is his reasoning for committing this fatal decision. Troys selfish act shows that he wanted to break a boundary hes been limited too. Hes been limited from baseball, the status hes been in at work and his marriage. Rose was crushed hearing that the man she gave her life and identity to committed an affair with another woman. It bothered her when he said he needed an outlet from his priorities. She said Dont you think I ever wanted other things? Dont you think I had dreams and hopes? What about my life (Wilson 1071)? She committed herself to the marriage and to repay her, he betrays her by having a baby wi th another woman. Because of this conflict, Troy and Roses marriage is severely jeopardized. Rose is still the mother of his children but she doesnt recognize herself as a wife to Troy. She starts to build her own characteristics and beliefs after this conflict. Rose felt like she wasted her years with Troy so she began to build a life outside of the house she felt trapped in. During the last scene of the play, she tells Cory why the marriage went down the way it did. Rose recognized that she gave up her free will for love. She wanted to have children and be at one with Troy. She accepted that this was her identity. But because of this affair, it woke her up and made her a diverse character because she became independent rather than dependent. Troys decisions distanced himself away from his family as he lost his dominance in the household. Troy Maxson went through a lot in his life. Troy has a singular perspective on the world. He has a strict demeanor because of how society viewed African Americans back in the 1950s. Troy cares a lot about his family even if he doesnt show it. Throughout his life, Racism has been a barrier for him. He was once young and he chased his own dreams but because of his skin color, several ideals got in his way. Racism caused a lot of Troys bitterness towards life. He went to jail and ultimately makes sure he doesnt fall back there. All of his decisions were very influenced by past experiences from racism. Whether it be denying Corys dreams, neglecting Lyons and breaking the barriers of his marriage with Rose. All of these decisions caused tensions around the family and ultimately fenced his family away from him. Works Cited Koprince, Susan. Baseball as History and Myth in August Wilsons Fences.. African  American Review, vol. 40, no. 2, Summer2006, pp. 349-358. EBSCOhost. Wilson, August. Fences Literature: A Portable Anthology. 4th ed. Boston:Bedford/St.Martins, 2016. 1030-1088. Print. What Is Algebra? What Is Algebra? Algebra is a branch of mathematics, as we know maths is queen of science, it plays vital role of developing and flourishing technology, we use all scopes in past and newly, the algebra is not exceptional the maths. Algebra is one of the main areas of pure mathematics that uses mathematical statements such as term, equations, or expressions to relate relationships between objects that change over time.Here is a list of names who have contributed to the specific field of algebra. Algebra is seen by much arithmetic with letters and a long historical precedent the textbooks, stretching back of the 14th century. As such it deepens upon experience and facility with arithmetic calculations. It provides student with skill to carry out algebraic manipulations .many of the which parallel arithmetic computation. At the very least ,school algebra is a collection of mathematical practices and procedure to be internalised and integrated into learners functioning ,at the very most in its tradition form its afford glimpse of a powerful tool for modelling and thus resolving problems, (page 559 jifa cai) Word Algebra The word algebra is a shortened misspelled transliteration of an Arabic titleal-jebr wal-muqabalah (circa 825) by the Persian mathematician known as al-Khwarizmi [words, p. 21]. Theal-jebrpart means reunion of broken parts, the second partal-muqabalahtranslates as to place in front of, to balance, to oppose, to set equal. Together they describe symbol manipulations common in algebra: combining like terms, moving a term to the other side of an equation, etc. In its English usage, in the 14thcentury,algebermeant bone-setting, close to its original meaning. By the 16thcentury, the formalgebraappeared in its mathematical meaning. Robert Recorde (c. 1510-1558), the inventor of the symbol= of equality, was the first to use the term in this sense. He, however, still spelled it asalgeber. The misspellers proved to be more numerous, and the current spellingalgebratook roots. Thus the original meaning ofalgebrarefers to what we today callelementary algebrawhich is mostly occupied with solving simple equations. More generally, the termalgebraencompasses nowadays many other fields of mathematics: geometric algebra, abstract algebra, Boolean algebra, Ã‚ ³-algebra,to name a few. Algebra is an ancient and one of the most basicbranch ofmathematics, invented by Muhammad Musa Al-Khwarizmi, and evolve over the centuries. The name algebra is itself of Arabic origin. It comes from the Arabic word ‘al-jebr.[1] http://www.cut-the-knot.org/WhatIs/WhatIsAlgebra.shtml The English invented the world (Kelly 1821-1895) algebra of matrices and the research (Paul 1815-1864) may have emerged since 1854 and from this research Boolean algebra, also appeared in 1881 forms of art to illustrate the Boolean algebra, (availablhttp://www.jeddmath.com/vb/showthread.php?t=5330/15/052011). History of algebra In history, we find some following mathematicians who have great contributions in development of algebra. Cuthbert Tunstall Cuthbert Tunstall (1474 -1559) was born in Hackforth, Yorkshire, England and died in Lambeth, London, England. He was a significant royal advisor, diplomat, and administrator, and he gained two degrees with great proficiency in Greek, Latin, and mathematics. In 1522, he wrote his first printed work that was devoted to mathematics, and this arithmetic book ‘De arte supputandi libri quattuorwas based on Paciolis Suma. Robert Recorde Robert Recorde (1510-1558) was born in Tenby, Wales and died in London, England. He was a Welsh mathematician and physician and in 1557, he introduced the equals sign (=). In 1540, Recorde published the first English book of algebra ‘The Grounde of Artes. In 1557, he published another book ‘The Whetstone of Witte in which the equals sign was introduced. John Widman John Widman (1462-1498) was born in Eger, Bohemia, currently called Czech Republic and died in Leipzig, Germany. He was a German mathematician who first introduced + and signs in his arithmetic book ‘Behende und hupsche Rechnung auf Allen kauffmanschafft. Thomas Harriot Thomas Harriot (1560 -1621) was born in Oxford, London and died in London England. He was an astronomer and mathematician, and founder of the English school of algebra. William Oughtred William Oughtred (1575-1660) was born in Eton, Buckinghamshire, England and died in Albury, Surrey, England. He was one of the worlds great and formally trained mathematicians. Oughtred, in his book Clavis Mathematicae included Hindu-Arabic notation, decimal fractions and experimented on many new symbols such as ÃÆ'-,::, >, and John Pell John Pell (1611-1685) was born in Southwick, Sussex, England, and died in Westminster, London, England. Pells work was mostly based on number theory and algebra. Pell published many books on mathematics such as Idea of Mathematicsin 1638 and the two page A Refutation of Longomontanuss Pretended Quadrature of the Circle in 1644. Reverend John Wallis John Wallis (1616-1703) was born in Ashford, Kent, England and died in Oxford, England. In 1656, Wallis published his most famous book Arithmetica Infinitorum in which he introduced the formula /2 = (2.2.4.4.6.6.8.8.10)/ (1.3.3.5.5.7.7.9.9). In another of his works, Treatise on Algebra, Wallis gives a wealth of information on algebra. John Herschel John Frederick William Herschel (1792-1871) was born in Slough, England and died in Kent, England. He was a great astronomer who discovered Uranus. In 1822, he published his first work on astronomy, a small work to calculate the eclipses of the moon. In 1824, he published his first major work on double stars in the Transactions of the Royal Society. Charles Babbage Charles Babbage (1791 -1871) was born in London, England and died in London, England. In 1821, Babbage made the Difference engine to compile tables of mathematics. In 1856, he invented Analytical Engine, which is a general symbol manipulator and similar to todays computers. Sir Isaac Newton Sir Isaac Newton (1643-1727) was born in Lincolnshire, England and died in London, England. He was a great physicist, mathematician, and one of the greatest scientific intellects of all time. In 1672, he published his first work on light and color in the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society. In 1704, Newtons works on pure mathematics was published and in 1707, his Cambridge lectures from 1673 to 1683 were published. ( http://www.barcodesinc.com/articles/algebra-history.htm) How is Algebra used in daily life? Every day in our life and all over the world we use Algebra many places as well as finances, engineering, schools, and universities we cant do most scopes without maths.( It is actually quite common for an average person to perform simple Algebra without realizing it. For example, if you go to the grocery store and have ten dollars to spend on two dollar candy bars. This gives us the equation 2x = 10 where x is the number of candy bars you can buy. Many people dont realize that this sort of calculation is Algebra; they just do it). (http://wiki.answers.com and http://wiki.answers.com) Other Definitions Algebra is the parts of mathematics where numbers and letters are used like A B or X and Y, or other symbols are used to represent unknown or variable numbers. For examples : inA +5 = 9, A is unknown, but we can solve by subtracting 5 to both sides of the equal sign (=), like this: A+5 = 9 A+ 5 5 = 9 5 A +0 = 4 A = 4 3b+12=15 subtract both sides 12 3b+12-12=15-12 3b=3 divide both sides 3 to get the value of b which is 1 and so on 5x/5x=1 if you substitute x any number not zero the equation will be true (Algebra is branch of mathematics that substitutes letters for numbers. An algebraic equation represents a scale, what is done on one side of the scale with a number is also done to the other side of the scale. The numbers are the constants. Algebra can include real numbers, complex numbers, matrices, vectors etc. Moving from Arithmetic to Algebra will look something like this: Arithmetic: 3 + 4 = 3 + 4 in Algebra it would look like: x + y = y + ) artical http://math.about.com/cs/algebra/g/algebradef.htm Terminology used in algebra to make algebra easy or any other branches of maths, we must understand well all basic sign in all operations and use it right way, these signs are , subtractions ,division, addition ,multiplication. variable is also called an unknown and can be represented by letters from the alphabet letters. Operations in algebra are the same as in arithmetic: addition, subtraction, multiplication and division. An expression is a group of numbers and variables, along with operations. An equation is the equality of two expressions. (Polynomials are often written in descending order, in which the terms with the largest powers are written first (like 92- 3x + 6). If they are written with the smallest terms appearing first, this is ascending order (like 6 3x + 92). equation- An equation is a mathematical statement that contains an equal sign, like ax + b = c. exponent- An exponent is a power that a number is raised to. For example, in 23, the exponent is 3. expression- An algebraic expression consists of one or more variables, constants, and operations, like 3x-4. Each part of an expression that is added or subtracted is called atermFor example, the expression 42-2x+7 has three terms. factor- The factor of a number is a number that divides that number exactly. For example, the factors of 6 are 1, 2, 3 and 6. formula- A formula shows a mathematical relationship between expressions. fraction- A fraction is a part of a whole, like a half, a third, a quarter, etc. For example, half of an apple is a fraction of an apple. The top number in a fraction is called the numerator; the bottom number in a fraction is called the denominator. inequality- An inequality is a mathematical expression that contains an inequality symbol. The inequality symbols are : > greater than (2>1) à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤ less than or equal to à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¥ greater than or equal to à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚   not equal to (1à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚  2). integer- The integers are the numbers , -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, . inverse (addition)- The inverse property of addition states that for every number a, a + (-a) = 0 (zero). inverse (multiplication)- The inverse property of multiplication states that for every non-zero number a, a times (1/a) = 1. matrix- nth- operation- An operation is a rule for taking one or two numbers as inputs and producing a number as an output. Some arithmetic operations are multiplication, division, addition, and subtraction. polynomial- A polynomial is a sum or difference of terms; each term is: * a constant (for example, 5) * a constant times a variable (for example, 3x) * a constant times the variable to a positive integer power (for example, 22) * a constant times the product of variables to positive integer powers (for example, 2x3y). monomial is a polynomial with only one term. A binomial is a polynomial that has two terms. A trinomial is a polynomial with three terms. prime number- A prime number is a positive number that has exactly two factors, 1 and itself. Alternatively, you can think of a prime number as a number greater than one that is not the product of smaller numbers. For example, 13 is a prime number because it can only be divided evenly by 1 and 13. For another example, 14 is not a prime number because it can be divided evenly by 1, 2, 7, and 14. The number one is not a prime number because it has only one factor, 1 itself. quadratic equation- A quadratic equation is an equation that has a second-degree term and no higher terms. A second-degree term is a variable raised to the second power, like x2, or the product of exactly two variables, like x and y. When you graph a quadratic equation in one variable, like y = ax2+ bx + c, you get a parabola, and the solutions to the quadratic equation represent the points where the parabola crosses the x-axis. quadratic formula- The quadratic formula is a formula that gives you a solution to the quadratic equation ax2+ bx + c = 0. The quadratic formula is obtained by solving the general quadratic equation. radical- A radical is a symbol à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¡ that is used to indicate the square root or nthroot of a number. root- An nthroot of a number is a number that, when multiplied by itself n times, results in that number. For example, the number 4 is a square root of 16 because 4 x 4 equals 16. The number 2 is a cube root of 8 because 2 x 2 x 2 equals 8. solve- When you solve an equation or a problem, you find solutions for it. square root- The square roots of a number n are the numbers s such that s2=n. For example, the square roots of 4 are 2 and -2; the square roots of 9 are 3 and -3. symbol- A symbol is a mark or sign that stands for something else. For example, the symbolà ·meansdivide. system of equations- A system of equations is two or more independent equations that are solved together. For example, the system of equations: x + y = 3 and x y = 1 has a solution of x=2 and y=1. terms- In an expression or equation, terms are numbers, variables, or numbers with variables. For example, the expression 3x has one term, the expression 42+ 7 has two terms. variable- A variable is an unknown or placeholder in an algebraic expression. For example, in the expression 2x+y, x and y are variables. +,- (www.EnchantedLearning.com) Learn algebra Symbolizes the number in the account to a group that contains that number of things, for example, No. 5, always stands for a set containing 5 things.In algebra, the symbols may be replaced by numbers, but it is possible to solve the number one or more replace one icon.To learn algebra, we must first learn how to use symbols replace the numbers.And then how to create a constraint for strings of numbers. Groups and variables.There is a relationship between the symbols in algebra and groups of numbers.It is certain that each of us has some knowledge of groups of objects, such as collections of books, collections of postage stamps, and groups of dishes.And groups of numbers are not different for these groups a lot.One way to describe sets of numbers in algebra is that we are using one of the alphabet, such as the name of her p..Then half of the numbers of this group Bhzaretha brackets of the form {}.For example, can be expressed set of numbers from 1 to 9 as follows: A = {1, 2.3, 4, 5.6, 7, 8.9}. The group of odd numbers under 20 are: B = {1.3, 5, 7.9, 11, 13.15, 17, 19}. These examples demonstrated the models of the groups used in algebra. Suppose that the age of four persons were respectively: 12, 15.20, 24. Then can be written in this age group numbers. A = {12.15, 20, 24}. How is the age of each of them after three years? One way to answer this question is that we write 12 +3.15 +3.20 +3 and 24 + 3.We note that the number 3 is repeated in each of the formulas  ¸ à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ four.In algebra we can express all previous versions form a single task is m + 3 where m is any number of numbers of a group.That is, it can replace any of the numbers 12, 15, 20 or 24 m are indicated.Is called the symbol m variable, called the group a field of this variable, but No. 3 in the formula m+3 is called hard because its value is always one.Known variable in algebra as a symbol can be compensated for the number of one or more belongs to a group. We can replace any names lead to correct reports or reports the wrong variable.For example: Hungary is bordered by the State of the Black Sea Report of the wrong, as in fact can not be like this report is correct only if compensated by the variable r one of the States: Bulgaria or Romania, or Turkey.The report shall be  ¸ Turkey is a country bordered by the Black Sea for example, the right one called the compensation that makes the report and called the right roots group consisting of all roots with a solution.The solution set is the previous example. {Bulgaria, Romania, Turkey}.And in reparation for not use the names to compensate for variables, but we use the numbers. Equations known as the camel sports is equal to reflect the two formats. Phrase: Q +7 = 12 For example, an easy equation  ¸ mean the sum of the number 7 with the number equal to 12 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ To solve this equation, we can do to compensate for different numbers of Q until we get a report of the equation makes the right one.If we substitute for x the equation becomes number five report is correct, and if we substitute for x any number of other reports, the equation becomes wrong.So to solve this equation set is {5}. This group contains only one root. It is possible that the equation more than one root: X  ² + 18 = 9 o. No. 2 highest first variable x means that the number of representative variable Q is the number of box, that number multiplied by itself once.See: box.In this equation, we can make up for X number 3: 3 ÃÆ'- 3 + 18 = 9 ÃÆ'- 3 9 + 18 = 27 27 = 27 We can also compensate for X number 6: 6 ÃÆ'- 6 + 18 = 9 ÃÆ'- 6 36 + 18 = 54 54 = 54 Any other compensation for making the equation Q report wrong.Then 3 and 6 are the root of the equation.Thus, the solution set is {3.6}. There are also equations having no roots: X = + 3 If we substitute for x any number, this equation becomes a false report, and a solution is called the group of free and symbolized by the symbol {}. and some of the equations, an infinite number (for high standards) from the roots. (X + 1)  ² = x  ² + 2 x +1 In this equation if we substitute for x any number we get the right report, the Group resolved to contain all the numbers http://nabad-alkloop.com/vb/showthread.php?t=38762 What is best way to learn and teach algebra? Step-by-step equations solving is the key of teaching and learning. To find fully worked-out answers and learn how to solve math problems, one step at a time. Studying worked-out solutions is a proven method to help you retain information. Dont just look for the answer in the back of the book; There are five laws basic principles of math governing operations: multiplication addition subtract and expressing the variables and can be compensated for any number Algebra is anessential subject. Its the gateway to mathematics. Its used extensively in the sciences. And its an important skill in many careers. Many people think, it is a nightmare and causes more stress, homework tears and plain confusion than any other subject on the curriculum but that is not true. Theimportance of understanding equation Connotation and denotation on extension of a concept two opposite yet complementary aspects is clarified the extension is defined vice versa understanding the concept equation includes its connotation and denotations. This session of observed lessons will show the essential nature or the equation is consolidated by designing problem variation putting emphasis on clarifying the connotation and differentiation the boundary of the set of object in the extension. (Page 559 Jifa cai) Whats the best formula for teaching algebra? Immersing students in their course work, or easing them into learning the new skills or does a combination of the two techniques adds up to the best strategy? Researchers at the Centre for Social Organization of Schools at Johns Hopkins are aiming to find out through a federally funded study that will span 18 schools in five states this fall. The study, now in its second year of data collection, will evaluate two ways to teach algebra to ninth-graders, determining if one approach is more effective in increasing mathematics skills and performance or whether the two approaches are equally effective. Participating schools in North Carolina, Florida, Ohio, Utah and Virginia will be randomly assigned to one of two strategies for the 2009-2010 school year; to be eligible, students must not have previously taken Algebra I. Twenty-eight high schools were studied during the 2008-2009 school year. One strategy, called Stretch Algebra, is a yearlong course in Algebra 1 with students attending classes of 70 to 90 minutes a day for two semesters. This approach gives students a â€Å"double dose† of algebra, with time to work on fundamental mathematics skills as needed. The second strategy is a sequence of two courses, also taught in extended class periods. During the first semester, students take a course called Transition to Advanced Mathematics, followed by the districts Algebra I course in the second semester. The first-semester course was developed by researchers and curriculum writers at Johns Hopkins to fill gaps in fundamental skills, develop mathematics reasoning and build students confidence in their abilities. â€Å"The question is, Is it better for kids to get into algebra and do algebra, or to give kids the extra time so the teacher can concentrate more on concepts started in middle schools?† said Ruth Curran Neild, a research scientist at Johns Hopkins and one of the studys principal investigators. Teachers using both strategies will receive professional development. Mathematics coaches will provide weekly support to those who are teaching the two-course approach; the study will provide teacher guides and hands-on materials for students in Transition to Advanced Mathematics. Johns Hopkins researchers will be collecting data throughout the school year. Findings are expected during the 2010-2011 school year. http://gazette.jhu.edu/2009/08/17/calculating-the-best-way-for-teaching-algebra/ Learn Algebra, the easy way The key to learn and understand Mathematics is to practice more and more and Algebra is no exception. Understanding the concepts is very vital. There are several techniques that can be followed to learn Algebra the easy way. Learning algebra from the textbook can be boring. Though textbooks are necessary it doesnt always address the need for a conceptual approach. There are certain techniques that can be used to learn algebra the fun and easy way. Listed below are some of the techniques that can be used. Do some online research and you will be surprised to find a whole bunch of websites that offer a variety of fun learning methods which makes learning algebra a pleasant experience and not a nightmare. But the key is to take your time in doing a thorough research before you choose the method that is best for you, or you can do a combination of different methods if you are a person who looks for variety to boost your interest. 1. ANIMATED ALGEBRA : You can learn the basic principles of algebra through this method. Animation method teaches the students the concepts by helping them integrate both teaching methods. When the lessons are animated you actually learn more ! 2. ALGEBRA QUIZZES : You can use softwares and learn at your own pace best of all you dont need a tutor to use it. What you really need is something that can help you with your own homework, not problems it already has programmed into it that barely look like what your teacher or professor was trying to explain. You can enter in your own algebra problems, and it works with you to solve them faster make them easier to understand. 3. INTERACTIVE ALGEBRA : There are several Interactive Algebra plugins that allows the user toexploreAlgebra by changing variables and see what happens. This promotes an understanding of how you arrive at answers. There are websites that provide online algebra help and worksheets. They also provide interactive onlinegamesand practice problems and provide the algebra help needed. It is difficult to recommend better methods for studying and for learning because the best methods vary from person to person. Instead, I have provided several ideas which can be the foundation to a good study program. If you just remember all the rules and procedures without truly understanding the concepts, you will have difficulty learning algebra. (http://www.ehow.com/how_4452787_learn-algebra-easy-way.html)

Pearl Harbor :: essays research papers

Pearl Harbor My report is about the attack on Pearl Harbor. In this report I will explain what happened and why it happened. So you know, Pearl Harbor is located on Oahu island, Hawaii. Pearl Harbor was the operating base of the U.S. Pacific Fleet. The Japanese pulled a surprise attack on the U.S. on December 7, 1941 at 7:50 A.M. during the beginning of World War II. On November 26 a powerful Japanese task force, under the command of vice Admiral Chuichi Nagumo, left the Kuril Islands; on December 2 it received a coded message issuing the attack order. The undetected Japanese force arrived off the Hawaiian Islands on the morning of December 7. In two successive waves more than 350 Japanese bombers, torpedo planes, and fighters struck. More than 75 U.S. warships(including battleships, cruisers, destroyers, submarines, and auxiliaries) were based at this "Gibraltar of the Pacific." All U.S. aircraft carriers were elsewhere. Observing radio silence, it reached a launching point at 6 AM, December 7. At 7:50 AM, the first wave of Japanese planes struck Pearl Harbor, bombarding airfields and battleships moored at the concrete quays. The U.S. totally taken off guard had to defend themselves in pajamas. They used anti-aircraft guns in an attempt to stop the Japanese. A second wave followed. The surprise attack was over before 10 AM. The results were devastating; 18 U.S. ships were hit, and more than 200 aircraft destroyed or damaged. The battleship Arizona was a total wreck; the West Virginia and California were sunk; and the Nevada was heavily damaged. Approximately 2,400 Americans were killed, 1,300 wounded, and 1,000 missing. Japanese losses were fewer than 100 casualties, 29 planes, and 5 midget submarines. The Japanese totally destroyed the U.S. naval power in the Pacific. The attack was, however, a colossal political and psychological blunder, for it mobilized U.S. public opinion against the Japanese and served as the catalyst that brought the United States into the war. "December 7, 1941," said President Franklin D. Roosevelt, is "a date which will live in infamy." A monument has been built across the hull of the sunken U.S.S. Arizona; it was dedicated as a national memorial in 1962. The next day President Roosevelt told a joint session of Congress that December 7 was "a date which will live in infamy." Congress voted to declare war on Japan. A small boat rescued seamen from USS West Virginia after the surprise Japanese air attack. There are different reasons why the Japanese were able to pull a surprise attack on the United States biggest military base. One is that when the U.

Expectancy Theory of Motivation

Running head: EXPECTANCY THEORY OF MOTIVATION Expectancy Theory of Motivation Expectancy Theory of Motivation Companies need to understand the practice of motivation for them to achieve full output from its employees which will lead to full output from the company. The expectancy theory of motivation proposed by Victor Vroom will help companies to understand how to achieve this motivation level. The theory of motivation states that employee’s motivation is the outcome of how much of individual wants a reward. The theory revolves around three distinct perceptions. The first component of the theory is the Effort-performance relationship. The provability perceived by the individual that exerting a given amount of effort will lead to performance (Robbins & Judge, 2007, p. 208). The second component of this theory is Performance-reward relationship. The degree to which the individual believes that performing at a particular level will lead to the attainment of a desire outcome (Robbins & Judge, 2007, p. 208). The third component of this theory is Rewards-personal goals relationship. The degree to which organizational rewards satisfy an individual’s personal goals or needs and the attractiveness of those potential rewards for the individual (Robbins & Judge, 2007, p. 208). The Expectancy Theory of Motivation had to very important beliefs that help complete the above model. The first belief is that Effort-to-performance expectancy is the individual's awareness that effort will lead to above performance. The person will determine if the performance expected of them can be reached by an amount of effort within their ability. If this person feels they can’t achieve this performance level within their abilities then the outcome to meet the goals will be low. This will cause the person motivation effort to be low. If the person feels that the performance level that is required of them is in reach of their abilities then they are likely put the extra effort in and be motivated. The second belief links performance to outcome through instrumentality. This is where a person is motivated when that person feels the performance is explicit and equal instrument to fulfill their personal outcome. Therefore a erson will be motivated if the person believes that meeting the performance of organization will bring their desired outcome. The other problem arises if the person does not feel their desired outcome will not be achieved then they may not put in any or very little effort to meet the performance of the organization and will they will not be motivated in the first place. The company management must set goa ls that can be attainable for the person to be motivated and succeed and benefit the person outcome. This can be achieved through a promotion, bonuses, and praise. The company from the given scenario has set the goal to produce goods of extra quality and the company is expecting employees’ level to be very high. Few of the employees have been able to handle these new processes. Then we have learned that the expectancy relationship has been fulfilled and is working. The problem with the given scenario must line somewhere within the instrumentality relationship. The given scenario shows there is no salary difference between the workers who are good performers and the workers who are the bad performers. One other point is that the bad performers bring penalties in their salary. The level of bonus that is offered for meeting the goal of the company is not high enough with the required effort according to the employees. Last thing about the scenario the amount of pay given for overtime is higher than the bonus given for performance and still overtime is created by because of the slow performance. The employees understand it is better to work slow and see better instrumentality then through fast work. Looking at the given scenario there has to be some items have to be addressed. One item that needs to be addressed is the slow work with some of the employees must have strict salary penalties. The next item to be addressed is that with better performance the bonus levels need to be compensated higher. This will make the employees that are capable running processes put in place by the company put in more effort to reach the performance desired as they will desire the new bonus. The employees that are not capable will put more of an effort and be motivated to reach the same desired higher bonus and not see a penalty in salary. The last item to be addressed is management should reorganize the operations so that the bonus pay is higher than the overtime work performed this way employees will not see the benefit of working the overtime as the performance bonus will be more desirable. We have shown the key features of the expectancy theory that was proposed by Victor Vroom which illustrated a scenario which we implemented corrective intervention to boost the efforts of employees. Reference Robbins, S. P. , ; Judge, T. A. (2007). Motivation Concepts. In (Ed. ), Organizational Behavior (pp. 208-214). Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall. Expectancy Theory of Motivation Running head: EXPECTANCY THEORY OF MOTIVATION Expectancy Theory of Motivation Expectancy Theory of Motivation Companies need to understand the practice of motivation for them to achieve full output from its employees which will lead to full output from the company. The expectancy theory of motivation proposed by Victor Vroom will help companies to understand how to achieve this motivation level. The theory of motivation states that employee’s motivation is the outcome of how much of individual wants a reward. The theory revolves around three distinct perceptions. The first component of the theory is the Effort-performance relationship. The provability perceived by the individual that exerting a given amount of effort will lead to performance (Robbins & Judge, 2007, p. 208). The second component of this theory is Performance-reward relationship. The degree to which the individual believes that performing at a particular level will lead to the attainment of a desire outcome (Robbins & Judge, 2007, p. 208). The third component of this theory is Rewards-personal goals relationship. The degree to which organizational rewards satisfy an individual’s personal goals or needs and the attractiveness of those potential rewards for the individual (Robbins & Judge, 2007, p. 208). The Expectancy Theory of Motivation had to very important beliefs that help complete the above model. The first belief is that Effort-to-performance expectancy is the individual's awareness that effort will lead to above performance. The person will determine if the performance expected of them can be reached by an amount of effort within their ability. If this person feels they can’t achieve this performance level within their abilities then the outcome to meet the goals will be low. This will cause the person motivation effort to be low. If the person feels that the performance level that is required of them is in reach of their abilities then they are likely put the extra effort in and be motivated. The second belief links performance to outcome through instrumentality. This is where a person is motivated when that person feels the performance is explicit and equal instrument to fulfill their personal outcome. Therefore a erson will be motivated if the person believes that meeting the performance of organization will bring their desired outcome. The other problem arises if the person does not feel their desired outcome will not be achieved then they may not put in any or very little effort to meet the performance of the organization and will they will not be motivated in the first place. The company management must set goa ls that can be attainable for the person to be motivated and succeed and benefit the person outcome. This can be achieved through a promotion, bonuses, and praise. The company from the given scenario has set the goal to produce goods of extra quality and the company is expecting employees’ level to be very high. Few of the employees have been able to handle these new processes. Then we have learned that the expectancy relationship has been fulfilled and is working. The problem with the given scenario must line somewhere within the instrumentality relationship. The given scenario shows there is no salary difference between the workers who are good performers and the workers who are the bad performers. One other point is that the bad performers bring penalties in their salary. The level of bonus that is offered for meeting the goal of the company is not high enough with the required effort according to the employees. Last thing about the scenario the amount of pay given for overtime is higher than the bonus given for performance and still overtime is created by because of the slow performance. The employees understand it is better to work slow and see better instrumentality then through fast work. Looking at the given scenario there has to be some items have to be addressed. One item that needs to be addressed is the slow work with some of the employees must have strict salary penalties. The next item to be addressed is that with better performance the bonus levels need to be compensated higher. This will make the employees that are capable running processes put in place by the company put in more effort to reach the performance desired as they will desire the new bonus. The employees that are not capable will put more of an effort and be motivated to reach the same desired higher bonus and not see a penalty in salary. The last item to be addressed is management should reorganize the operations so that the bonus pay is higher than the overtime work performed this way employees will not see the benefit of working the overtime as the performance bonus will be more desirable. We have shown the key features of the expectancy theory that was proposed by Victor Vroom which illustrated a scenario which we implemented corrective intervention to boost the efforts of employees. Reference Robbins, S. P. , ; Judge, T. A. (2007). Motivation Concepts. In (Ed. ), Organizational Behavior (pp. 208-214). Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall.