History of air conditioning Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

History of air conditioning - Research Paper Example He did this while working at Apalachicola in Florida. This first attempt ,done in 1830s involved a device that brought a cooling effect by blowing air over a bucket of ice. This aimed at solving the problem experienced by yellow fever and malaria patients. The article then moves to show the construction of a structure like a box carrying cloths that contained melted ice water saturated. Naval engineers constructed the structure and it had a fan blowing overhead hot air. This article is very important as it gives a sequential development from an idea slowly but sure. It mentions that, Willis Carrier an American engineer made an air conditioner that closely resembled the air conditioner units of the present time. In my final research, I will use this article in tracking the outline of the development of air conditioners. I will use this resource because of its precision in giving the dates and those who patented the technology at various stages. Biddle, Jeff E. "Making Consumers Comfor table: The Early Decades Of Air Conditioning In The United States." Journal of Economic History 71.4 (2011): 1078-1094. EconLit. Web. 20 Mar. 2012. Biddle’s article gives historical overview of air conditioning. ... This article is important in this research because it shows the various customers of the air conditioning over historical time starting from movie theatres in 1920s and 1930s. it also shows a marked increase in use of air conditioning in 1950s with the new hotels construction in America. According to Biddle, 60 percent of motels and hotels in the nation used air conditioning by 1960s. I will use this article in my final research to discuss the history of air conditioning in America. The article will be important in giving details of the various uses of air conditioning in America’s history. Cooper, Gail . Air-Conditioning America: Engineers and the Controlled Environment, 1900-1960. Baltimore: JHU Press ,2002. Print. Coopers book gives a history of the air conditioning tracing from the papers of Willis Carrier at New York, Ithaca, and Cornell University, the records of Carrier Corporation at Connecticut, East Hartford and United Technologies. The book considers the records of the Carrier Corporation very rich in detailing the work of the engineers involved in the development of air conditioners. Although, this book by Cooper does not give the history of air conditioning itself, it points to relevant materials that show historical development of air conditioning. Thus by pointing the sources, it is useful in giving guidance to the research. The book points Margaret Ingels’s â€Å"professional biography,† as the most helpful book giving the history of air conditioning. I will use this book in the final research to analyze contribution of some renowned personalities in the history of air conditioning. This book will prove important in giving the various

Social Security for Unorganised Sector Workers Essay Example for Free

Social Security for Unorganised Sector Workers Essay The National Commission for Enterprises in the Unorganised Sector was set up by the UPA Government under the Chairmanship of Arjun Sengupta in September 2004. The Commission prepared two draft bills: (1) Unorganised Sector Workers Social Security Bill, 2005, and (2) Unorganised Sector Workers (conditions of work and livelihood promotion) Bill, 2005. According to the draft bill, it will cover all workers in the unorganised sector with a monthly income of Rs. 5,000 and below. This category includes self-employed workers (including marginal and small farmers), wage workers including agricultural labourers, and home-based workers. It also includes informal workers under the organised sector. It is estimated that around 30 crore workers are eligible under this scheme. The Bill indicates that there will be a national minimum social security for all eligible workers covering four things: (a) health insurance; (b) maternity benefits; (c) life insurance; and (d) old age pension. Every unorganised sector worker is eligible for registration. The registered worker will get a unique social security card. The existing welfare programmes will continue as before. A National Social Security Fund will be created. The scheme will be financed from the contributions at Re. 1 a day by workers, employers (wherever identified), and the Government (that is, Rs. 3 per worker a day or Rs. 1,095 a year). The Government contribution will be divided between Central Government and State Government in the ratio of 3:1 respectively (75 paise per worker by the Centre and 25 paise per worker by the State Governments). Similar to the Employment Guarantee Scheme, the National Commission estimated the costs of the minimum social security scheme. If all the 30 crore workers are covered, the contributions would work out to Rs. 32,850 crore. The share of the Central Government will be Rs. 17,548 crore and that of the State Governments Rs. 5,010 crore. This adds up to a total of Rs. 22,558 crore to be spent by Central and State Governments, equal to 0. 8 per cent of the Gross Domestic Product in 2004-05. If we include administrative and other expenses, the government contribution may not exceed one per cent of GDP. Similar to the national EGS, full coverage is expected to be reached in five years. If six crore workers are covered in the first year the cost will be Rs. 4,512 crore and Rs. 22,558 crore from the fifth year. The Government can contribute to the fund in the form of grants or through tax or cess. The second Bill, which deals with conditions of work and livelihood promotion, addresses the issues relating to providing a basic minimum standard on hours of work, payment of minimum wages, bonded labour, and child labour. The Bill also recognises some minimum entitlements of the workers such as the right to organise, non-discrimination in the payment of wages and conditions of work, safety at workplace, and absence of sexual harassment. The costs of providing health insurance, maternity benefits, life insurance, and old age pension for the 30 crore workers are not clear from the Bill. The Government contribution in the first year (Rs. 4,512 crore) is not large but in the fifth year it is closer to one per cent of GDP. As the draft says, tax or cess is one option for raising resources for the Government. The insistence on State Governments contributions may create problems for the scheme as their finances are in bad shape. the Bill seems to be following the targeting approach for identifying beneficiaries. For example, the Bill says that it would cover all workers in the unorganised sector with a monthly income of Rs. 5,000 and below. This may again lead to targeting errors and corruption. the implementation machinery still looks bureaucratic although decentralisation is mentioned. It is better to involve panchayati raj institutions more. Fourthly, legislation alone is not enough. For example, health insurance for all the workers will not help if there are no doctors and health infrastructure, particularly in rural areas. Hence, spending has to increase at the grassroots level for better delivery systems. Fifthly, the working of the present welfare boards for workers must be examined. Keralas experience shows that there are problems of sustainability, high costs, meagre benefits, etc. Lessons should be learnt from these experiences. Sixthly, the second Bill on conditions of workers is equally important. Some regulatory institutions are needed without ending up with inspector raj. Minimum wages have to be fixed keeping in view the increasing needs of the poor. The laws should be effectively implemented. Some estimates show that even if the number of days of employment are increased, the existing wages may not bring many workers above the poverty line. This is the main reason why we have so many working poor in the country. The poor are working but at low wages. The main issue is how to improve the wage rates for the unorganised workers. DOMESTIC WORKERS Live-in workers are often treated as 24-hour slaves. Many employers do not let them even step out of the house. Part-time domestic workers are in a slightly better position. They are not on duty 24 hours a day, have access to their own families and friends, and can quit work when employers become abusive. However, there is a growing demand for live-in workers who can double up as `ayahs or nurse-cum-companions for the elderly. To meet this demand, young girls and boys are often trafficked from the poorer districts of many States. From Bokaro district (Jharkhand) alone, three lakh girls have migrated or were trafficked, 40 per cent of whom were below 14. Their average annual earnings would be Rs. 200 crores, of which they take home only half; the other half goes to the agencies. A separate law is needed to control trafficking, besides regulating working conditions. Domestic workers are especially disadvantaged since they are not covered by laws such as the Industrial Disputes Act, the Equal Remuneration Act, or even the Minimum Wages Act. The Central government has been shying away from enacting any specific legislation for this group. A Domestic Workers (conditions of service) Bill was drafted as early as 1959 but was never enacted. The House Workers (conditions of service) Bill, 1989, was not enacted either. In 2003, the Human Rights Law Network filed a petition in the Supreme Court on behalf of the NDWM, pointing out that legislation to protect domestic workers had been stalled time and again. According to lawyer Vipin Mathew Benjamin, the government had told the court that domestic workers would be covered by the forthcoming Unorganised Sector Workers Bill, 2004. The Supreme Court passed an order saying that all suggestions and demands could be put before a tripartite committee to deliberate on the draft of the Bill. Consultations with all stakeholders were to be held at the Central and State levels. We dont have a problem if this bill is comprehensive, he said. According to Bhatnagar, who is also coordinating the National Campaign Committee for Unorganised Sector Workers, there are no fewer than five versions of the draft Bill. The one put up by the Union Labour Ministry has come in for heavy criticism. In a letter to the Prime Minister, Justice V. R. Krishna Iyer, former Judge of the Supreme Court, called it a `a half-baked law and said that rushing it through Parliament would be `a gross betrayal. Meanwhile, domestic workers are organising themselves. As a result, the Domestic Workers (Protection of Rights) Bill, 2003, has been tabled in the Maharashtra Assembly, while Karnataka has been persuaded to extend the Minimum Wages Act to domestic work. It is high time the government amended the Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act, 1986, which is applicable only to 64 professions (13 occupations and 51 processes) that are deemed hazardous.

The Great Gatsby Essay examples -- Literary Analysis, F. Scott Fitzge

The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald portrays American society in the 1920’s after WWI has just ended, a decade of unprecedented economic prosperity. In the book, Fitzgerald critiques the loss of moral values and the degradation of American society, symbolizing it as a â€Å"valley of ashes—a fantastic farm where . . . ashes take the forms of houses and chimneys and rising smoke† (Fitzgerald 23). Through the characters of the book, Fitzgerald exposes the American dream from behind its dazzling veil of happiness and success, and characterizes its true form: a mad, desperate and hopeless chase towards something unattainable, turning a once innocent dream, into a shattered nightmare, destroying everything in its wake. The book is set in Long Island, New York. During the 1920’s, New York was especially prosperous, attracting many wealthy people and people whom wished to become prosperous. Nick Carraway was one of them. Originally from Minnesota, he moved to New York to learn the bond business. Through Nick, a self-proclaimed â€Å"honest man† who is â€Å"inclined to reserve all judgments, a habit that has opened up many curious natures to [him]† (Fitzgerald 1), Fitzgerald narrates the book and introduces the readers to his opinions about money and society. At first, Fitzgerald deceives the reader to believe the illusion of the American dream only to shred it to pieces later. In the beginning of the book, shortly after moving to New York, Nick meets his neighbor, Jay Gatsby, whom he will gradually get to know more intimately. Gatsby epitomizes the American dream. Once a poor boy from North Dakota, he slowly rises up in society and becomes stupendously wealthy. On weekends, he throws lavish parties where â€Å"the air is alive with chatter and laug... ...ever reached, fate already deemed it impossible. Nick laments that Gatsby â€Å"did not know that [his dream] was already behind him, somewhere back in that vast obscurity beyond the city† (Fitzgerald 180), concluding the futility of the American dream. In the last few pages of the book, through Nick’s reflections upon Gatsby’s life and the people in it, Fitzgerald reveals corrupt â€Å"valley of ashes† America has become, no longer allowing her to hide behind her veneer of glitz and glamour. Fitzgerald reinforces the hollowness of the 1920’s and the destructiveness of blindly pursuing the â€Å"American dream† and the false happiness it brings. Instead, revealing the unpleasant truth. The Great Gatsby is a story of the double-edged sword that is the â€Å"American dream†; while elevating society and bringing happiness, it also self-destructs and brings materialism and corruption. The Great Gatsby Essay examples -- Literary Analysis, F. Scott Fitzge The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald portrays American society in the 1920’s after WWI has just ended, a decade of unprecedented economic prosperity. In the book, Fitzgerald critiques the loss of moral values and the degradation of American society, symbolizing it as a â€Å"valley of ashes—a fantastic farm where . . . ashes take the forms of houses and chimneys and rising smoke† (Fitzgerald 23). Through the characters of the book, Fitzgerald exposes the American dream from behind its dazzling veil of happiness and success, and characterizes its true form: a mad, desperate and hopeless chase towards something unattainable, turning a once innocent dream, into a shattered nightmare, destroying everything in its wake. The book is set in Long Island, New York. During the 1920’s, New York was especially prosperous, attracting many wealthy people and people whom wished to become prosperous. Nick Carraway was one of them. Originally from Minnesota, he moved to New York to learn the bond business. Through Nick, a self-proclaimed â€Å"honest man† who is â€Å"inclined to reserve all judgments, a habit that has opened up many curious natures to [him]† (Fitzgerald 1), Fitzgerald narrates the book and introduces the readers to his opinions about money and society. At first, Fitzgerald deceives the reader to believe the illusion of the American dream only to shred it to pieces later. In the beginning of the book, shortly after moving to New York, Nick meets his neighbor, Jay Gatsby, whom he will gradually get to know more intimately. Gatsby epitomizes the American dream. Once a poor boy from North Dakota, he slowly rises up in society and becomes stupendously wealthy. On weekends, he throws lavish parties where â€Å"the air is alive with chatter and laug... ...ever reached, fate already deemed it impossible. Nick laments that Gatsby â€Å"did not know that [his dream] was already behind him, somewhere back in that vast obscurity beyond the city† (Fitzgerald 180), concluding the futility of the American dream. In the last few pages of the book, through Nick’s reflections upon Gatsby’s life and the people in it, Fitzgerald reveals corrupt â€Å"valley of ashes† America has become, no longer allowing her to hide behind her veneer of glitz and glamour. Fitzgerald reinforces the hollowness of the 1920’s and the destructiveness of blindly pursuing the â€Å"American dream† and the false happiness it brings. Instead, revealing the unpleasant truth. The Great Gatsby is a story of the double-edged sword that is the â€Å"American dream†; while elevating society and bringing happiness, it also self-destructs and brings materialism and corruption.

Code of Conduct Essay

As a consultant for the merger between UWEAR and PALEDENIM, I have gathered much information pertaining the creating and implementation of a code of conduct. There are many different ways this code of conduct can be implemented and delivered. While understanding that each company will have different preferences as to how to implement the code, I will submit an outline of what I believe is the best and most efficient way to deliver the code of conduct for both companies equally. A code of conduct will create a framework or visual of how employees and clients will view the company as a whole. â€Å"The existence of the codes seem to frame how the companies and their activities are understood.† (Frostenson, Helin, & Sandstrà ¶m, 2012, p. 269) The code of conduct for UWEAR and PALEDENIM will include four main components: Our Code and Responsibility, Violations and Consequences, Law Compliances and Regulatory Orders, and Policies and Procedures. Our Code and Responsibilities This would be the first section of the code of conduct. It should include the overview of the code, the responsibilities the code provides to the company, and those persons who must abide by the code. The responsibilities of the code are to serve as a guide to help employees, officers, and board members in making informed and ethical decisions. All persons including third parties, business partners, and contractors must know and understand the code and act in a way that is consistent with the code. Violations and Consequences Violations and consequences will be listed in this section, but will not be limited to the written communications here. Employees will be encouraged to know and understand each violation listed and its consequences. They will also be expected to report any observed accounts of unethical behavior. Consequences would include but wouldn’t be limited to separation of employment. Law Compliances and Regulatory Orders The information listed here would be mostly useful to management and executive level officers. However, employees must maintain knowledge and  understanding of this section in order to remain compliant at the door level. All federal regulations will be stated in this portion of the code of conduct. For example, the policy created to implement the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (PCAOB) to monitor internal auditing policies would be stated in this section. Here is where the human resources department will verify the company’s compliances with federal regulatory acts such as the Sarbanes- Oxley Act. Policies and Procedures The policies and procedures section will include all policies that employees, managers, and board members must follow. There will be sections to separate the policies that apply to each individual level. Although board members and managers are ranked higher than door level employees, they must still abide by the policies and procedures of the lower level employees. For example, the No Gift policy as stated in previous works, will be listed under a section for door level employees but must still be followed by all employees of the company. This will guarantee a fair level of work and maintain employee moral as far as ethics and behaviors are concerned. Consistency across the board for all employees and work levels, is the goal in stating the policies and procedures. Non-compliance to policies and procedures will be stated in the violations and consequences section. After the code of conduct is fully compiled and voted on by the ethics board, it must be delivered. Although having a creative way to present the code of conduct to the company, it is more important to understand the client and their expectations. Preparation as a speaker would be my main focus in delivering the code. â€Å"As much as technology has advanced and improved the quality of audiovisuals aids in presentations, it is important to review the basics of being a better speaker.† (Lucente-Cole, 2004, p. 42) Preparing myself to deliver the code of conduct in a way that generates feedback from the audience, will allow me to verify understanding and knowledge of the code. The code would be delivered in a new employee handbook and reviewed in all new hire orientations. Each new hire would be required to sign for receipt and understanding of the communications in the code of conduct. As for existing employees, they will review and sign for receipt during the next quarterly mee ting. There are other additional policies that haven’t been listed or discussed but should definitely be included. One of the most common policies that hasn’t been established is attendance. The attendance policy would be carried out or listed in different stages. For example, if an employee is tardy, there would be a verbal counseling to address stage one of the tardy policy in attendance. If that employee is tardy again, they will be disciplined according to stage two of the attendance policy. Disciplinary actions can be reduced or removed from an employees record after that employee exemplifies compliance with the policy for six months. Last but certainly not least, UWEAR and PALEDENIM should have a policy addressing sexual harassment. Sexual harassment occurs very often in the workplace. UWEAR and PALEDENIM must state explicitly, the expectations and consequences of sexual harassment. â€Å"Harassment does not have to be of a sexual nature, however, and can include offensive remarks about a person’s sex. For example, it is illegal to harass a woman by making offensive comments about women in general.† (Sexual Harassment, n.d., para. 2) They, UWEAR and PALEDENIM, must make sure each employee understands what could be considered as sexual harassment in order to maintain compliance to this policy. Due to the fact that major lawsuits can be created from an occurrence of sexual harassment, this policy will be listed under Law Regulations and it must be strongly enforced. References Frostenson, M., Helin, S., & Sandstrà ¶m, J. (2012). The internal significance of codes of conduct in retail companies. Business Ethics: A European Review, 21(3), 263-275. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8608.2012.01657.x Lucente-Cole, G. (2004). Delivering An Effective Presentation. Public Relations Quarterly, 49(4), 42. Sexual Harassment. (n.d.). Retrieved September 22, 2014, from http://www.eeoc.gov/laws/types/sexual_harassment.cfm

The Vampire Diaries: Dark Reunion Chapter Six

Vickie's house was on a corner, and they approached it from the side street. By now the sky was filled with heavy purple clouds. The light had an almost underwater quality. â€Å"Looks like it's going to storm,† Matt said. Bonnie glanced at Damon. Neither he nor Stefan liked bright light. And she could feel the Power emanating from him, like a low thrum just under the surface of his skin. He smiled without looking at her and said, â€Å"How about snow in June?† Bonnie clamped down on a shiver. She had looked Damon's way once or twice in the barn and found him listening to the story with an air of detached indifference. Unlike Stefan, his expression hadn't changed in the slightest when she mentioned Elena-or when she told about Sue's death. What did he really feel for Elena? He'd called up a snowstorm once and left her to freeze in it. What was he feeling now? Did he even care about catching the murderer? â€Å"That's Vickie's bedroom,† said Meredith. â€Å"The bay window in the back.† Stefan looked at Damon. â€Å"How many people in the house?† â€Å"Two. Man and woman. The woman's drunk.† Poor Mrs. Bennett, thought Bonnie. â€Å"I need them both asleep,† Stefan said. In spite of herself, Bonnie was fascinated by the surge of Power she felt from Damon. Her psychic abilities had never been strong enough to sense its raw essence before, but now they were. Now she could feel it as clearly as she could see the fading violet light or smell the honeysuckle outside Vickie's window. Damon shrugged. â€Å"They're asleep.† Stefan tapped lightly on the glass. There was no response, or at least none Bonnie could see. But Stefan and Damon looked at each other. â€Å"She's half tranced already,† Damon said. â€Å"She's scared. I'll do it; she knows me,† said Stefan. He put his fingertips on the window. â€Å"Vickie, it's Stefan Salvatore,† he said. â€Å"I'm here to help you. Come let me in.† His voice was quiet, nothing that should have been heard on the other side of the glass. But after a moment the curtains stirred and a face appeared. Bonnie gasped aloud. Vickie's long, light brown hair was disheveled, and her skin was chalky. There were huge black rings under her eyes. The eyes themselves were fixed and glassy. Her lips were rough and chapped. â€Å"She looks possessed,† Bonnie whispered back, unnerved. Stefan just said, â€Å"Vickie, open the window.† Mechanically, like a windup doll, Vickie cranked one of the side panels of the bay window open, and Stefan said, â€Å"Can I come in?† Vickie's glazed eyes swept over the group outside. For a moment Bonnie thought she didn't recognize any of them. But then she blinked and said slowly, â€Å"Meredith†¦ Bonnie†¦ Stefan? You're back. What are you doing here?† â€Å"Ask me in, Vickie.† Stefan's voice was hypnotic. â€Å"Stefan†¦Ã¢â‚¬  There was a long pause and then: â€Å"Come in.† She stepped back as he put a hand on the sill and vaulted through. Matt followed him, then Meredith. Bonnie, who was wearing a mini, re-mained outside with Damon. She wished she'd worn jeans to school today, but then she hadn't known she'd be going on an expedition. â€Å"You shouldn't be here,† Vickie said to Stefan, almost calmly. â€Å"He's coming to get me. He'll get you too.† Meredith put an arm around her. Stefan just said, â€Å"Who?† â€Å"Him. He comes to me in my dreams. He killed Sue.† Vickie's matter-of-fact tone was more frightening than any hysteria could have been. â€Å"Vickie, we've come to help you,† Meredith said gently. â€Å"Everything's going to be all right now. We won't let him hurt you, I promise.† Vickie swung around to stare at her. She looked Meredith up and down as if Meredith had suddenly changed into something unbelievable. Then she began to laugh. It was awful, a hoarse burst of mirth like a hacking cough. It went on and on until Bonnie wanted to cover her ears. Finally Stefan said, â€Å"Vickie, stop it.† The laughter died into something like sobs, and when Vickie lifted her head again, she looked less glassy eyed but more genuinely upset. â€Å"You're all going to die, Stefan,† she said, shaking her head. â€Å"No one can fight him and live.† â€Å"We need to know about him so we can fight him. We need your help,† Stefan said. â€Å"Tell me what he looks like.† â€Å"I can't see him in my dreams. He's just a shadow without a face.† Vickie whispered it, her shoulders hunching. â€Å"But you saw him at Caroline's house,† Stefan said insistently. â€Å"Vickie, listen to me,† he added as the girl turned away sharply. â€Å"I know you're frightened, but this is important, more important than you can understand. We can't fight him unless we know what we're up against, and you are the only one, the only one right now who has the information we need. You have to help us.† Stefan's voice was unyielding. â€Å"I have a way to help you remember,† he said. â€Å"Will you let me try?† Seconds crawled by, then Vickie gave a long, bubbling sigh, her body sagging. â€Å"Do whatever you want,† she said indifferently. â€Å"I don't care. It won't make any difference.† â€Å"You're a brave girl. Now look at me, Vickie. I want you to relax. Just look at me and relax.† Stefan's voice dropped to a lulling murmur. It went on for a few minutes, and then Vickie's eyes drooped shut. â€Å"Sit down.† Stefan guided her to sit on the bed. He sat beside her, looking into her face. â€Å"Vickie, you feel calm and relaxed now. Nothing you remember will hurt you,† he said, his voice soothing. â€Å"Now, I need you to go back to Saturday night. You're upstairs, in the master bedroom of Caroline's house. Sue Carson is with you, and someone else. I need you to see-â€Å" â€Å"No!† Vickie twisted back and forth as if trying to escape something. â€Å"No! I can't -â€Å" â€Å"Vickie, calm down. He won't hurt you. He can't see you, but you can see him. Listen to me.† As Stefan spoke, Vickie's whimpers quieted. But she still thrashed and writhed. â€Å"You need to see him, Vickie. Help us fight him. What does he look like?† â€Å"He looks like the devil!† It was almost a scream. Meredith sat on Vickie's other side and took her hand. She looked out through the window at Bonnie, who looked back wide eyed and shrugged slightly. Bonnie had no idea what Vickie was talking about. â€Å"Tell me more,† Stefan said evenly. Vickie's mouth twisted. Her nostrils were flared as if she were smelling something awful. When she spoke, she got out each word separately, as if they were making her sick. â€Å"He wears†¦ an old raincoat. It flaps around his legs in the wind. He makes the wind blow. His hair is blond. Almost white. It stands up all over his head. His eyes are so blue-electric blue.† Vickie licked her lips and swallowed, looking nauseated. â€Å"Blue is the color of death.† Thunder rumbled and cracked in the sky. Damon glanced up quickly, then frowned, eyes narrowed. â€Å"He's tall. And he's laughing. He's reaching for me, laughing. But Sue screams ‘No, no' and tries to pull me away. So he takes her instead. The window's broken, and the balcony is right there. Sue's crying ‘No, please.' And then I watch him-I watch him throw her†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Vickie's breath was hitching, her voice rising hysterically. â€Å"Oh, please, no-Sue! Sue! Sue!† â€Å"Vickie, stay with me. Listen. I need just one more thing. Look at him. Tell me if he's wearing a blue jewel-â€Å" But Vickie was whipping her head back and forth, sobbing, more hysterical each second. â€Å"No! No! I'm next! I'm next!† Suddenly, her eyes sprang open as she came out of the trance by herself, choking and gasping. Then her head jerked around. On the wall, a picture was rattling. It was picked up by the bamboo-framed mirror, then by perfume bottles and lipsticks on the dresser below. With a sound like popcorn, earrings began bursting from an earring tree. The rattling got louder and louder. A straw hat fell off a hook. Photos were showering down from the mirror. Tapes and CDs sprayed out of a rack and onto the floor like playing cards being dealt. Meredith was on her feet and so was Matt, fists clenched. â€Å"Make it stop! Make it stop!† Vickie cried wildly. But it didn't stop. Matt and Meredith looked around as new objects joined the dance. Everything movable was shaking, jittering, swaying. It was as if the room were caught in an earthquake. â€Å"Stop! Stop!† shrieked Vickie, her hands over her ears. Directly above the house thunder exploded. Bonnie jumped violently as she saw the zigzag of lightning shoot across the sky. Instinctively she grabbed for something to hang on to. As the lightning bolt flared a poster on Vickie's wall tore diagonally as if slashed by a phantom knife. Bonnie choked back a scream and clutched tighter. Then, as quickly as if someone had flicked a power switch off, all the noise stopped. Vickie's room was still. The fringe on the bedside lamp swayed slightly. The poster had curled up in two irregular pieces, top and bottom. Slowly, Vickie lowered her hands from her ears. Matt and Meredith looked around rather shakily. Bonnie shut her eyes and murmured something like a prayer. It wasn't until she opened them again that she realized what she had been hanging on to. It was the supple coolness of a leather jacket. It was Damon's arm. He hadn't moved away from her, though. He didn't move now. He was leaning forward slightly, eyes narrowed, watching the room intently. â€Å"Look at the mirror,† he said. On the glass surface of the bamboo mirror two words were scrawled in Vickie's hot coral lipstick. Goodnight, Sweetheart. â€Å"Oh, God,† Bonnie whispered. Stefan turned from the mirror to Vickie. There was something different about him, Bonnie thought-he was holding himself relaxed but poised, like a soldier who's just gotten confirmation of a battle. It was as if he'd accepted a personal challenge of some kind. He took something out of his back pocket and unfolded it, revealing sprigs of a plant with long green leaves and tiny lilac flowers. â€Å"This is vervain, fresh vervain,† he said quietly, his voice even and intense. â€Å"I picked it outside Florence; it's blooming there now.† He took Vickie's hand and pressed the packet into it. â€Å"I want you to hold on to this and keep it. Put some in every room of the house, and hide pieces somewhere in your parents' clothes if you can, so they'll have it near them. As long as you have this with you, he can't take over your mind. He can scare you, Vickie, but he can't make you do anything, like open a window or door for him. And listen, Vickie, because this is important.† Vickie was shivering, her face crumpled. Stefan took both her hands and made her look at him, speaking slowly and distinctly. â€Å"If I'm right, Vickie, he can't get in unless you let him. So talk to your parents. Tell them it's important that they don't ask any stranger inside the house. In fact, I can have Damon put that suggestion in their mind right now.† He glanced at Damon, who shrugged slightly and nodded, looking as if his attention was somewhere else. Self-consciously, Bonnie removed her hand from his jacket. Vickie's head was bent over the vervain. â€Å"He'll get in somehow,† she said softly, with terrible certainty. â€Å"No. Vickie, listen to me. From now on, we're going to watch your house; we're going to be waiting for him.† â€Å"It doesn't matter,† Vickie said. â€Å"You can't stop him.† She began to laugh and cry at the same time. â€Å"We're going to try,† Stefan said. He looked at Meredith and Matt, who nodded. â€Å"Right. From this moment on, you will never be alone. There will always be one or more of us outside watching you.† Vickie just shook her bent head. Meredith gave her arm a squeeze and stood as Stefan tilted his head toward the window. When she and Matt joined him there, Stefan spoke to all of them in a low voice. â€Å"I don't want to leave her unguarded, but I can't stay myself right now. There's something I have to do, and I need one of the girls with me. On the other hand, I don't want to leave either Bonnie or Meredith alone here.† He turned to Matt. â€Å"Matt, will you†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Everyone looked at him, startled. â€Å"Well, it's the logical solution, isn't it?† Damon seemed amused. â€Å"After all, what do you expect one of them to do against him anyway?† â€Å"They can call for me. I can monitor their thoughts that far,† Stefan said, not giving one inch. â€Å"Well,† Damon said whimsically, â€Å"I can call for you too, little brother, if I get into trouble. I'm getting bored with this investigation of yours anyway. I might as well stay here as anywhere.† â€Å"Vickie needs to be protected, not abused,† Stefan said. Damon's smile was charming. â€Å"Her?† He nodded toward the girl who sat on the bed, rocking over the vervain. From disheveled hair to bare feet, Vickie was not a pretty picture. â€Å"Take my word for it, brother, I can do better than that.† For just an instant Bonnie thought those dark eyes flicked sideways toward her. â€Å"You're always saying how you'd like to trust me, anyway,† Damon added. â€Å"Here's your chance to prove it.† Stefan looked as if he wanted to trust, as if he were tempted. He also looked suspicious. Damon said nothing, merely smiled in that taunting, enigmatic way. Practically asking to be mistrusted, Bonnie thought. The two brothers stood looking at each other while the silence and the tension stretched out between them. Just then Bonnie could see the family resemblance in their faces, one serious and intense, the other bland and faintly mocking, but both inhumanly beautiful. Stefan let his breath out slowly. â€Å"All right,† he said quietly at last. Bonnie and Matt and Meredith were all staring at him, but he didn't seem to notice. He spoke to Damon as if they were the only two people there. â€Å"You stay here, outside the house where you won't be seen. I'll come back and take over when I'm finished with what I'm doing.† Meredith's eyebrows were in her hair, but she made no comment. Neither did Matt. Bonnie tried to quell her own feelings of unease. Stefan must know what he's doing, she told herself. Anyway, he'd better. â€Å"Don't take too long,† Damon said dismissively. And that was how they left it, with Damon blending in with the darkness in the shadow of the black walnut trees in Vickie's backyard and Vickie herself in her room, rocking endlessly. In the car, Meredith said, â€Å"Where next?† â€Å"I need to test a theory,† said Stefan briefly. â€Å"That the killer is a vampire?† Matt said from the back, where he sat with Bonnie. Stefan glanced at him sharply. â€Å"Yes.† â€Å"That's why you told Vickie not to invite anyone in,† Meredith added, not to be outdone in the reasoning department. Vampires, Bonnie remembered, couldn't enter a place where humans lived and slept unless they were invited. â€Å"And that's why you asked if the man was wearing a blue stone.† â€Å"An amulet against daylight,† Stefan said, spreading his right hand. On the third finger there was a silver ring set with lapis lazuli. â€Å"Without one of these, direct exposure to the sun kills us. If the murderer is a vampire, he keeps a stone like this somewhere on him.† As if by instinct, Stefan reached up to briefly touch something under his T-shirt. After a moment Bonnie realized what it must be. Elena's ring. Stefan had given it to her in the first place, and after she died he'd taken it to wear on a chain around his neck. So that part of her would be with him always, he'd said. When Bonnie looked at Matt beside her, she saw his eyes were closed. â€Å"So how can we tell if he's a vampire?† Meredith asked. â€Å"There's only one way I can think of, and it isn't very pleasant. But it's got to be done.† Bonnie's heart sank. If Stefan thought it wasn't very pleasant, she was sure she was going to find it even less so. â€Å"What is it?† she said unenthusiastically. â€Å"I need to get a look at Sue's body.† There was dead silence. Even Meredith, normally so unflappable, looked appalled. Matt turned away, leaning his forehead against the window glass. â€Å"You've got to be kidding,† Bonnie said. â€Å"I wish I were.† â€Å"But-for God's sake, Stefan. We can't. They won't let us. I mean, what are we going to say? ‘Excuse me while I examine this corpse for holes'?† â€Å"Bonnie, stop it,† Meredith said. â€Å"I can't help it,† Bonnie snapped back shakily. â€Å"It's an awful idea. And besides, the police already checked her body. There wasn't a mark on it except the cuts she got in the fall.† â€Å"The police don't know what to look for,† Stefan said. His voice was steely. Hearing it brought something home to Bonnie, something she tended to forget. Stefan was one of them. One of the hunters. He'd seen dead people before. He might even have killed some. He drinks blood, she thought, and shuddered. â€Å"Well?† said Stefan. â€Å"Are you still with me?† Bonnie tried to make herself small in the backseat. Meredith's hands were tight on the steering wheel. It was Matt who spoke, turning back from the window. Bonnie tried to make herself small in the backseat. Meredith's hands were tight on the steering wheel. It was Matt who spoke, turning back from the window. â€Å"There's a viewing of the body from seven to ten at the funeral home,† Meredith added, her voice low. â€Å"We'll have to wait until after the viewing, then. After they close the funeral home, when we can be alone with her,† said Stefan. â€Å"This is the most gruesome thing I've ever had to do,† Bonnie whispered wretchedly. The funeral chapel was dark and cold. Stefan had sprung the locks on the outside door with a thin piece of flexible metal. The viewing room was thickly carpeted, its walls covered with somber oak panels. It would have been a depressing place even with the lights on. In the dark it seemed close and suffocating and crowded with grotesque shapes. It looked as if someone might be crouching behind each of the many standing flower arrangements. â€Å"I don't want to be here,† Bonnie moaned. â€Å"Let's just get it over with, okay?† Matt said through his teeth. When he snapped the flashlight on, Bonnie looked anywhere but where it was pointing. She didn't want to see the coffin, she didn't. She stared at the flowers, at a heart made of pink roses. Outside, thunder grumbled like a sleeping animal. â€Å"Let me get this open-here,† Stefan was saying. In spite of her resolve not to, Bonnie looked. The casket was white, lined with pale pink satin. Sue's blond hair shone against it like the hair of a sleeping princess in a fairy tale. But Sue didn't look as if she were sleeping. She was too pale, too still. Like a waxwork. Bonnie crept closer, her eyes fixed on Sue's face. That's why it's so cold in here, she told herself staunchly. To keep the wax from melting. It helped a little. Stefan reached down to touch Sue's high-necked pink blouse. He undid the top button. â€Å"For God's sake,† Bonnie whispered, outraged. â€Å"What do you think we're here for?† Stefan hissed back. But his fingers paused on the second button. Bonnie watched a minute and then made her decision. â€Å"Get out of the way,† she said, and when Stefan didn't move immediately, she gave him a shove. Meredith drew up close to her and they formed a phalanx between Sue and the boys. Their eyes met with understanding. If they had to actually remove the blouse, the guys were going out. Bonnie undid the small buttons while Meredith held the light. Sue's skin felt as waxy as it looked, cool against her fingertips. Awkwardly, she folded the blouse back to reveal a lacy white slip. Then she made herself push Sue's shining gold hair off the pale neck. The hair was stiff with spray. â€Å"No,† said Stefan oddly. â€Å"But there's something else. Look at this.† Gently, he reached around Bonnie to point out a cut, pale and bloodless as the skin around it, but visible as a faint line running from collarbone to breast. Over the heart. Stefan's long finger traced the air above it and Bonnie stiffened, ready to smack the hand away if he touched. â€Å"What is it?† asked Meredith, puzzled. â€Å"A mystery,† Stefan said. His voice was still odd. â€Å"If I saw a mark like that on a vampire, it would mean the vampire was giving blood to a human. That's how it's done. Human teeth can't pierce our skin, so we cut ourselves if we want to share blood. But Sue wasn't a vampire.† â€Å"She certainly wasn't!† said Bonnie. She tried to fight off the image her mind wanted to show her, of Elena bending to a cut like that on Stefan's chest and sucking, drinking†¦ She shuddered and realized her eyes were shut. â€Å"Is there anything else you need to see?† she said, opening them. â€Å"No. That's all.† Bonnie did up the buttons. She rearranged Sue's hair. Then, while Meredith and Stefan eased the lid of the casket back down, she walked quickly out of the viewing room and to the outside door. She stood there, arms wrapped around herself. A hand touched her elbow lightly. It was Matt. â€Å"You're tougher than you look,† he said. â€Å"Yes, well†¦Ã¢â‚¬  She tried to shrug. And then suddenly she was crying, crying hard. Matt put his arms around her. â€Å"I know,† he said. Just that. Not â€Å"Don't cry† or â€Å"Take it easy† or â€Å"Everything's going to be all right.† Just â€Å"I know.† His voice was as desolate as she felt. â€Å"They've got hair spray in her hair,† she sobbed. â€Å"Sue never used hair spray. It's awful.† Somehow, just then, this seemed the worst thing of all. He simply held her. After a while Bonnie got her breath. She found she was holding on to Matt almost painfully tightly and loosened her arms. â€Å"I got your shirt all wet,† she said apologetically, sniffling. â€Å"It doesn't matter.† Something in his voice made her step back and look at him. He looked the way he had in the high school parking lot. So lost, so†¦ hopeless. â€Å"Matt, what is it?† she whispered. â€Å"Please.† â€Å"I'm not so sure.† Bonnie didn't even think she wanted to. It was too scary. But she was overwhelmed by an urge to comfort him, to wipe that lost look from his eyes. â€Å"Matt, I-â€Å" â€Å"We're finished,† Stefan said from behind them. As Matt looked toward the voice the lost look seemed to intensify. â€Å"Sometimes I think we're all finished,† Matt said, moving away from Bonnie, but he didn't explain what he meant by that. â€Å"Let's go.†

Free Essays on Men Vs. Women Drivers

Men vs. Women Drivers Men and women drivers are hard for me to compare, since they are both bad, but in different ways. Men like to race their cars, and try to show off by spinning tires, and also spinning their cars. Women get in hurries and try to fix their hair and put on make-up while driving. I used to think that men were worse drivers than women, but as time passed by, I noticed that more of my female friends scared me more than my male friends. This is mostly due to carelessness on behalf of the driver. I was training a new first aid driver for work not too long ago, and the new driver was a female. She decided that she wanted to stop and get a newspaper, which was fine with me. But, then we merged onto I-85. She then proceeded to try to read the paper, while driving 75mph down the interstate, in rush hour traffic. I was terrified! I thought that I would probably be safer if a monkey were driving me around. Once, a guy I know that owns a Supra was trying to impress me with his car. He sped off, going down a back road, reaching speeds in excess of 130mph. Then, a car pulled out in front of him, and he had to slam on his brakes. We came so close to hitting the other car. I will never ride with that guy again. So, the difference between male and female drivers is the type of carelessness they use while driving. Guys tend to drive faster, while girls tend to not look at the road. Between the two of them, the roads of America are not very safe, because if the men are driving fast, while the women are not watching where they are going, then we will have lots of horrible wrecks.... Free Essays on Men Vs. Women Drivers Free Essays on Men Vs. Women Drivers Men vs. Women Drivers Men and women drivers are hard for me to compare, since they are both bad, but in different ways. Men like to race their cars, and try to show off by spinning tires, and also spinning their cars. Women get in hurries and try to fix their hair and put on make-up while driving. I used to think that men were worse drivers than women, but as time passed by, I noticed that more of my female friends scared me more than my male friends. This is mostly due to carelessness on behalf of the driver. I was training a new first aid driver for work not too long ago, and the new driver was a female. She decided that she wanted to stop and get a newspaper, which was fine with me. But, then we merged onto I-85. She then proceeded to try to read the paper, while driving 75mph down the interstate, in rush hour traffic. I was terrified! I thought that I would probably be safer if a monkey were driving me around. Once, a guy I know that owns a Supra was trying to impress me with his car. He sped off, going down a back road, reaching speeds in excess of 130mph. Then, a car pulled out in front of him, and he had to slam on his brakes. We came so close to hitting the other car. I will never ride with that guy again. So, the difference between male and female drivers is the type of carelessness they use while driving. Guys tend to drive faster, while girls tend to not look at the road. Between the two of them, the roads of America are not very safe, because if the men are driving fast, while the women are not watching where they are going, then we will have lots of horrible wrecks....

buy custom Case Management essay

buy custom Case Management essay Case Management can be classified as form of a Business Process Management. It may not fit in the common tools of Business Process Management but it is well described as a Document Management, customer management, or customer relationship management. It can be used in many different industries for example government, banking and Health care (Silver, 2009). In relation to the industry it is applied it is modelled categorically to suit that particular industry. In handling cases one does not follow the conventional way of stages or principles. This is because it has unstructured progression from its initial stage to the final stage. The normal processes follow a sequence of steps that can be well defined as paths in given diagrams. This is a logical diagram that describes a process and shows the direction it takes and elements it consists (Silver, 2009). The paths are mostly determined by Human judgement, external factors and the principles guiding the business and the steps are defined prior to handling the case. This is contrary to case management where one cannot predetermine the flow of the processes and it cannot be influenced by factors such as human judgement and external factors. What is case Management and what are the qualifications to be a case manager? This is the process of assessment, planning, implementation and monitoring and review. In this essay I will tackle its application in Health care and to begin with we look at the qualification to be a case manager (NSW Docs 2008). In case Management Training for students considering a career in Case Management in Psychology they need to pursue an Associate of Arts Degree in Psychology. This Programme focuses on Positive psychology, Human sexuality, physiological and neurological basis of human behaviour and social interactions. Students of case management particularly need to be able to evaluate the robustness of various psychometrics and assess the impacts of cognition on physical and mental health (Online Education.net, 2010). One can also be a case manager in the Health department by studying for an Associate of Arts in Health Administration Degree. This can also be a programme to be undertaken for those who want to pursue Patient Administration and management. This field addresses specific issues and workplace behaviors associated with a career in health administration and students study administration, health care, legal issues and public policy, technology, and health care financing. Student who go through this programme obtain excellent skills in communications arts, social sciences, humanities, math, and information technology (Just colleges, 2010). The student will learn how to research, analyze and apply vital information to real-world challenges and opportunities. The program enables the students to also develop communication, team work, and critical thinking skills. This are overly applied to the cases which they are assigned be it in the counseling department or the normal patients department (Just colleges, 2010). There are common concepts that are learnt in these programmes that enable students to be proper case managers. They help the students have the skills required to make the individual with a case of dejection feel appreciated and capable of sharing their story, this is because if one may not share a problem then you practically cannot manage the case effectively. Students who are interested in pursuing Case Management and have undergone training in An Associate of Arts Degree and training in An Associate of Art in Health Administration Degree are expected to come out when they fully understand the concepts of Empathy, Active Listening and Persistence in order to be relevant to the requirements of the field. We wll take a look at learning outcomes and an understanding of the concepts of Empathy, Active listening and persistence (Louis, 1994). In order to know that students have leant and gained knowledge a standard measurement is supposed to be observed. This is called the Learning outcome. Learning outcomes are termed as statements that outline the requirements, standards and skills learners will know and be able to fulfill as a result of the learning activity. Outcomes are usually expressed as knowledge, skills, or attitudes (Louis, 1994). The concept of empathy has not been clear over the years and critical research of scholars from the field of philosophy, theology, developmental psychology, social and personality psychology, ethology, and neuroscience often had a lot of discrepancies over the idea in relation to nature of the phenomenon (Preston et al., 2000). By adopting the works of behavioural research carried out for a long time on empathy combined with the more recent knowledge of physiology and neuroanatomy, there is finally light at the end of the tunnel regarding this mechanism and it can clearly be adopted Empathy can be referred to situations in which a subject has a similar emotional state to an object as a result of perceiving the object's situation (Preston et al., 2000). The ability to understand another persons circumstances, point of view, thoughts, and feelings. When experiencing empathy, you are able to understand someone elses internal experiences. This covers the overall understanding that Empathy is tends to have a root in the personalities of self and other, where emotional feelings are directed towards the other (Pedneault, 2009). After completion of the Psychology curriculum, students will: Need to be have knowledge of the main subject areas in the field of psychology, such as the core concepts and major theories Have an understanding of the basic types of research methodologies used in psychology and how to acquire psychological knowledge in different subject areas is using these methods Possess the ability of putting into practice and the necessary experience required in the application of psychological principles such as Empathy in the case management in everyday life situations, in relation to the lecture materials. Have an understanding of how psychological principles function across cultural boundaries and have the ability to apply situations cutting across the cultural divide, as well as to issues that are specific to particular tribal cultures Show Improvement in written and spoken communication skills, active listening skills, and skills in communicating within and across cultures Have the skills of searching, understanding and the application the ideas of materials written by scholars in psychological areas In relation to Case Management, the learning of this concept gives the student the ability to properly use this concept in order to give an opportunity to the patient (SalishKootenaiCollege, 2010) It can be classified as a habit that develops over time. It is also a basis of effective communication. It is the total focus on the person you are listening to in order to understand what they are saying. The person maybe an individual or a group. In order to achieve Active listening one must understand the factors that affect listening (Hardy, 1996). Learning out comes dictate that a student after going through the curriculum will: Have the ability of describing the significance of verbal and non- verbal techniques promoting active listening in different cases. Have the ability to demonstrate use of active listening techniques handling of patient cases and any case they are supposed to manage (Rosenthal, n.d). It is a value of being able to understand that change, improvement or any form of activity to take a desired channel might take time to show sighs. For example in a case like improving self determination one might be required to go through several stages but may not be responding to therapy. This may call for persistence. In the study of the psychology it can also be in context of persistence to frustration. Improvement, response or change can be slow (Craighead Nemeroff 2002). After completion of curriculum a student is required to be capable of using this virtue of persistence or patience in case management or be able to influence their clients to have persistence. This is an important factor in Case management because most of the responses or solutions take some time before being recognized (Crown, 2010). Some authors such as Vince Reynolds have brought the idea of from the organizational point of view. They look at the concept of reflection as a central and integral part in organizational practice of management. They have broadly explained that it is important to use experience of reflection in working and learning in a professional and organizational context (Reynolds Vince, 2004). They have shown the importance of reflection in making the process of Case Management allowing space for reflection and reshaping a problem to be able to model it to your advantage. Therefore Reflection requires active listening or paying attention and reorganizing the thoughts through critical reflection so as to effectively manage a case. Through reflection case managers establish paths of communication and cooperation among themselves and the source of the problem (Reynolds Vince, 2004). Abstract concepts refer to ideas that do not have physical reference. The idea of Abstract concept is largely related to cognition which is a process of processing information, and applying knowledge. An example of an abstract concept is Freedom. These are words or ideas that one cannot actually lay their meaning to a single concept (Friedlander, 2004). Given the case of the idea of freedom, it can be expressed in many contexts and not only one. A person may say I want my freedom but you cannot synthesize from what. Maybe he is not free at his working place, maybe it is freedom in dressing and there are many examples that can be applied to this single abstract concept (Friedlander, 2004). This is the processing of information collected through concrete experience or abstract conceptualization. David Kolbs work explains the stages of concrete experience leading to observation and reflections leading to the formation of Abstract concepts and generalizations. Through this people gather information. The learning styles also yield four styles diverger, accommodator, assimilator and converger (Pritzker Runco, 1999) Each of them has different strengths in the stages of learning. Active experimentation is based as strength of abstract conceptualization learning stages of learning. They prefer to work on applying practical ideas like working with components and not people since people are relatively unemotional and have a narrow line of interests (Pritzker Runco, 1999) Case Management is duly an important process in the organization and it is effective in dealing with issues or cases that do not follow the conventional means of working. To achieve the level of a case manager one has to be a good learner and also able to apply the skills in question in the right way. Case management in health care is the backbone of many problems that are mentally oriented like depression, trauma and many others. Case management is an organizational problems solution if applied well. Buy custom Case Management essay

The Life of Talcott Parsons and His Influence on Sociology

The Life of Talcott Parsons and His Influence on Sociology Talcott Parsons is regarded by many as the twentieth century’s most influential American sociologist. He laid the foundation for what was to become the modern functionalist perspective  and developed a general theory for the study of society called action theory. He was born on  December 13, 1902, and he died on May 8, 1979, after suffering a major stroke. Early Life and Education of Talcott Parsons Talcott Parsons was born in Colorado Springs, Colorado. At the time, his father was a professor of English at Colorado College and vice-president of the college. Parsons studied biology, sociology, and philosophy as an undergraduate at Amherst College, receiving his Bachelor’s degree in 1924. He then studied at the London School of Economics and later earned his Ph.D. in economics and sociology from the University of Heidelberg in Germany. Career and Later Life Parsons taught at Amherst College for one year during 1927. After that, he became an instructor at Harvard University in the Department of Economics. At the time, no sociology department existed at Harvard. In 1931, Harvard’s first sociology department was created and Parsons became one of the new department’s two instructors. He later became a full professor. In 1946, Parsons was instrumental in forming the Department of Social Relations at Harvard, which was an interdisciplinary department of sociology, anthropology, and psychology. Parsons served as the chairman of that new department. He retired from Harvard in 1973. However, he continued writing and teaching at Universities across the United States. Parsons is most well known as a sociologist, however, he also taught courses and made contributions to other fields, including economics, race relations, and anthropology. Most of his work focused on the concept of structural functionalism, which is the idea of analyzing society through a general theoretical system. Talcott Parsons played a major role in developing several important sociological theories. First, his theory of the sick role in medical sociology was developed in association with psychoanalysis. The sick role is a concept that concerns the social aspects of becoming ill and the privileges and obligations that come with it. Parsons also played a crucial role in the development of The Grand Theory, which was an attempt to integrate the different social sciences into one theoretical framework. His main goal was to utilize multiple social science disciplines to create one single universal theory of human relationships. Parsons was often accused of being ethnocentric (the belief that your society is better than the one you are studying). He was a bold and innovative sociologist for his time and is known for his contributions in functionalism and neo-evolutionism. He published more than 150 books and articles during his lifetime. Parsons married Helen Bancroft Walker in 1927 and together they had three children. Talcott Parsons Major Publications The Structure of Social Action (1937)The Social System (1951)Essays in Sociological Theory (1964)Societies: Evolutionary and Comparative Perspectives (1966)Politics and Social Structure (1969) Sources Johnson, A.G. (2000). The Blackwell Dictionary of Sociology. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing. Biography of Talcott Parsons. Accessed March 2012 from talcottparsons.com/biography

Article Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 4

Review - Article Example belief and understanding that if only the next biggest competitor could be eliminated that business could somehow get better, the fact of the matter is that the competition that these two firms provide to each other as well as the ideas that are ultimately â€Å"borrowed†/stolen between the two are yet another reason why the firms continue to operate with such a high premium placed on innovation, design, and development. This tense competition is further interesting due to the fact that the article raises the specter of Internet Explorer and Netscape as well as the resurrection that Apple experienced as a result of the iPad under Steve Jobs ultimate direction. What these cases help to bring to the mind of the reader is the fact that as soon as a single firm gains market dominance and somewhat eliminates a rival, the ability of the dominant firm to continue to efficiently innovate and design quality products necessarily decreases. In this way, the reader can appreciate the way in which the firms in question are currently locked in competition; meaning that this ultimate translates to increased quality to the end user. Gupta, Poornima. "Insight: Apple and Samsung, frenemies for life| Reuters." Business & Financial News, Breaking US & International News | Reuters.com. Reuters, 10  Feb.  2013. Web. 24  Feb.  2013.

Ethics and Moral Issues in Nursing Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Ethics and Moral Issues in Nursing - Term Paper Example They also possess different roles and responsibilities in the organizations that confront them with ethical and moral issues such as decision making, relating with their colleagues, giving alternative healthcare to the patients, handling varying patient’s needs and issues of cross cultural and personal beliefs (Daly et.al 2005). These issues affect their performance and quality of service they offer patients in their organizations. Ethical and moral issues in nursing Inexperience and lack of confidence Nurses undergo various stages in their career training and work performance (Daly et.al 2005). During their training, nursing students undergo rigorous training in order to acquire general theoretical and practical knowledge that they will require to apply in their work. During the training, nursing students are taught on how to handle clients with different issues during in their work environment. The level of training and knowledge students acquire gives them confidence and co urage to get out and attend their clients. After securing jobs, the graduate nurses face numerous challenges due to inexperience and great anticipations of the patients and employers. Normally experienced nurses are supposed to guide the newly recruited workforce in the organization on how to handle various day-to-day issues (Lachman, 2006). However, the workload is generally too huge to match the few nurses hence in most cases graduate nurses are left on their own to handle their problems. The environment itself poses great challenges since the graduate nurses are not able to handle daily problems due to the complexity and diversity of the problems. Alternative care Some patients do not necessarily require drugs for treatment (Daly et.al, 2005). In some instances, nurses find themselves in a dilemma as whether they should administer patients with substitute’s medicine such as vitamin because they feel that some of those medicines they give to the patients may compromise thei r health status. Confidentiality of the patient’s information Nurses are required to maintain top secret of the information they gather from their patients (Daly et.al, 2005). On contrary, they are required to share the details about patients with their colleagues so that they can be able to offer necessary assistance to the patients and save their lives. These results to complication regarding to the extent of information they are required to share and at the same time maintain patient’s details undisclosed. Failure to attend the patients The organization and the public expect nurses to handle various problems affecting patients (John, 2010). On contrary, some nurses may fear for their safety and refuse to attend patients suffering from certain diseases such as Aids and tuberculosis among others. However, in the recent past intensive training has increased health care givers boldness and they can effectively attend all patients without risking their lives. Relationshi p with their colleagues According to John, 2010), graduate nurses sometimes undergo short training period that barely acquaints them with appropriate knowledge to handle different issues at the work place. They may also experience a lot of oppositions from their colleagues. Therefore, the kind of work environment in which nurses are subjected to determines their performance and attitude towards that work. As nurses get used to their work, they are assigned different roles to perform in the organization.

Evaluation of Health Promotion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Evaluation of Health Promotion - Essay Example The comparison group was given minimal education on the same lifestyle changes through mail and group-counseling.† (301) A pre-test–post-test non-randomized experimental study design – the most common type of quasi-experimental study design – was used; it was found most effective in studying causal relationship between the intervention and whatever change transpires in outcome measures, thus providing strongest evidence for evaluation. Different research instruments were used to gather needed data: (1) pre-test self-administered questionnaires for the participants’ socio-demographic characteristics, medical history and self-reported lifestyle behaviours, specifically their individual dietary practices, physical activity, and smoking; (2) in-depth interviews and focus group discussion for the researchers’ better understanding of the participants’ behaviours and perceptions after the programme; (3) â€Å"anthropometric measurements (weight, height, waist and hip circumference), blood pressure and biochemical measurements (fasting blood glucose and full lipid pr ofiles) were taken at baseline and at 6-month intervals for 2 years† (all italics mine) (302), with the total cholesterol level the main outcome measure, while the rest the secondary outcome measure. Data gathered were statistically analysed, preset at 0.05 level of significance: (1) ANOVA – â€Å"to evaluate changes in outcome measures,† (2) Hyunh–Feldt correction – â€Å"to correct for the violation of the assumption of sphericity (compound symmetry)†, (3) t-test – â€Å"to compare the baseline and the final readings,† (4) x2-test – to analyse categorical data. (all italics mine) (302-303) 1. There was a significantly reduced level of cholesterol for the intervention group (5.83 to 5.62 mmol/l), while an increased level for the comparison group (5.44 to 5.61

Business environment and strategic management Essay

Business environment and strategic management - Essay Example The period between 1990 and 2008 saw a series of activities which were steeped in several factors which include amongst other things; strategic drift, failure to adapt to dominant changes in the external environment, excessive focus on profit maximisation and the desire to hold on to corporate traditions rather than innovate to meet the changes. This paper examines the case of Kodak in relation to strategic management, change management, innovation and strategic responsiveness. It will use six theories to examine the case of Kodak and how it led to the eventual downward spiral of the company. The paper will assess the shortfalls of Kodak in relation to Scenario Analysis, Cultural Web, Strategic Drift, Pascale's Excess Theory, Schumpeter's conception of Innovation and Marconi's model. Scenario Analysis â€Å"Scenario analysis involves a system of envisioning the movements in the markets by examining a series of possibilities in order to draw alternative plans to meet them.† (Mc Keown, 2006 p68). ... In hat case, another business in the industry that got the variables right in its planning is likely to succeed in the industry ahead of the industry that failed to draw several plans and alter its operations. Cooper cites the example of IBM (2005). In 1980, IBM was on top of the technology game. IBM was a leader in the manufacture and development of computer software and hardware. IBM envisioned in 1980 that by 1990, there would be a total of 275,000 computer users. And since IBM was the market leader, they believed that their estimation was absolute and precise. As such, the top level management which had a centralised system of management and control ensured that there were no deviations from the primary plan. As such, IBM outsourced significant components of the manufacture of personal computers to Intel and Microsoft. IBM did this on the basis that there would be only 275,000 computer users in the coming decade. Due to that, they focused on other ventures and other manufacturing contracts in the technological industry that they thought was going to be more profitable. However, the number of computer users increased exponentially. By 1990, there were as many as 60 million personal computer users around the world. This was enormously different from the figure they estimated in 1980. One may ask why IBM did not review their plans about the computer industry because the change was highly significant and if the management had their ears to the ground, they would have realized that things were changing and they would have made changes. Cooper identifies some key pointers that led to the downfall of IBM and they are all steeped in the failure to undertake

Comparing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Comparing - Essay Example Human beings are becoming more inquisitive, than ever before, about the authority of religion and religious scriptures, which sometimes may not match with the scientific discoveries. However, the presence of ‘God Particle’ and ‘Big Bang’ theory has baffled many scientists and philosophers, compelling them to think in terms of God’s existence and creation of universe, with perfection. In response to thinking of certain radicals, a new philosophy of life has emerged, during last few decades, which is called ’Humanism’. This philosophy aims at making human lives ethical and responsible for betterment of human kind, without any religious or supernaturalism. The humanism and its aspirations might be the path to enlightened living for the future generations, as it gets inspiration from the experiences of life, while being guided by reason. Humanists acknowledge that values and ideals are subject to changes as people gather more knowledge about life. Approach to existence of God Russell has his own arguments to explain that he is not a Christian. He has simplified the dogma of Christianity by comparing the similar beliefs that people following two different religions may have. For example, it is essential to believe in God and immortality, for being a true Christian. However, according to Russell, Muslims also must believe in God and immortality. ... Roussell also nullified the â€Å"Natural Law Agreement† and â€Å"Argument from Design†. According to Russell, the â€Å"Moral Argument for Deity† and â€Å"Argument for remedying the injustice† could not stand the test of time, as injustice is evident everywhere and innocents suffer, while wicked people prosper. This is great injustice done by the God, if he exists.(Russell) While Dawkins has similar views about the existence of God, he further treats the Old Testament as a work of fiction and its God the most unpleasant character in this fiction. Dawkins has accused God with different allegations that range from being jealous, vindictive, bloodthirsty, racist, genocidal, unjust and unforgiving, among others. Dawkins has defined the God hypothesis, as God being the supernatural intelligent super being, who has created the universe including the human beings living in this world. However, the alternate view presented by Dawkins explains that the creative intelligence is the result of on-going evolution process and it has the capability of designing complex events.(Dawkins) Hitchens had similar views about the existence of God. In his â€Å"God is Not Great†, he has explained that he does not believe in personal God. Hence, no religious convictions for him. Instead, Hitchens feels that he has religious faith in the revelations of science, which unfolds the structure of this world.(Hitchens) Arguments about meaning of religion While the three philosophers had similar views about any religion being only a dogma, they had their own version to justify this. Hitchens has explained the religious plagiarism, in which all three major religions, Christianity, Islam and Jewish Zoroastrian have borrowed different rituals from each

Business environment and strategic management Essay

Business environment and strategic management - Essay Example The period between 1990 and 2008 saw a series of activities which were steeped in several factors which include amongst other things; strategic drift, failure to adapt to dominant changes in the external environment, excessive focus on profit maximisation and the desire to hold on to corporate traditions rather than innovate to meet the changes. This paper examines the case of Kodak in relation to strategic management, change management, innovation and strategic responsiveness. It will use six theories to examine the case of Kodak and how it led to the eventual downward spiral of the company. The paper will assess the shortfalls of Kodak in relation to Scenario Analysis, Cultural Web, Strategic Drift, Pascale's Excess Theory, Schumpeter's conception of Innovation and Marconi's model. Scenario Analysis â€Å"Scenario analysis involves a system of envisioning the movements in the markets by examining a series of possibilities in order to draw alternative plans to meet them.† (Mc Keown, 2006 p68). ... In hat case, another business in the industry that got the variables right in its planning is likely to succeed in the industry ahead of the industry that failed to draw several plans and alter its operations. Cooper cites the example of IBM (2005). In 1980, IBM was on top of the technology game. IBM was a leader in the manufacture and development of computer software and hardware. IBM envisioned in 1980 that by 1990, there would be a total of 275,000 computer users. And since IBM was the market leader, they believed that their estimation was absolute and precise. As such, the top level management which had a centralised system of management and control ensured that there were no deviations from the primary plan. As such, IBM outsourced significant components of the manufacture of personal computers to Intel and Microsoft. IBM did this on the basis that there would be only 275,000 computer users in the coming decade. Due to that, they focused on other ventures and other manufacturing contracts in the technological industry that they thought was going to be more profitable. However, the number of computer users increased exponentially. By 1990, there were as many as 60 million personal computer users around the world. This was enormously different from the figure they estimated in 1980. One may ask why IBM did not review their plans about the computer industry because the change was highly significant and if the management had their ears to the ground, they would have realized that things were changing and they would have made changes. Cooper identifies some key pointers that led to the downfall of IBM and they are all steeped in the failure to undertake

Developing Leaders at UPS Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Developing Leaders at UPS - Assignment Example Similarly, Jovita used her skills and knowledge to progress in future which came out positive for her. She focused on her individual development and with the passage of time; she gained experience which helped her to become a successful leader. As a leader, she took challenges regardless of the results and focused her attention on learning from the experiences of other people. According to her, observation and remaining close to skilled employees helped her to gain a competitive edge in the market. She knew when to use her leadership style in which situation. Basically, Jovita’s approach can be framed as a situational leader who acts according to the situation. Secondly, she focused mainly on developing good relations with her subordinates. A good leader always focuses on building good relations with his peers, employees and subordinates. She encouraged active participation of her employees, motivated them and helped them to improve their skills through training and developmen t programs. A good leader always focuses on developing high communication with the employees, greater teamwork interaction and gives them space to act and behave within a certain limit. Jovita followed the same rules which helped her to become a successful leader in the corporate world of UPS.... Without these three basic elements, it is impossible to attain growth in the spiral of experience. Answer 3: Some of the skills that Jovita Carranza demonstrated in her career as a successful leader are: 1- Cognitive ability: Jovita possessed both raw intellectual horse power and mental flexibility (Hughes, Ginnett, and Curphy 2012). She joined UPS when she was ready to take her skills to next level. According to her, intelligence and flexibility enable a person to groom one’s skills. It was her flexibility and willingness to learn that helped her to attain her goals both personally and professionally. Leaders learn from the experiences of others and by experimenting with their practices. 2- Strategic Thinking: Strategic thinking has helped Carranza to gain global competitiveness and an edge over other competitors in the market. She knew how to make the most of her skills and thinking ability. Leaders know to compete with the other players in the market by making the most of t heir leadership potential. 3- Analytical Ability: Jovita Carranza worked in different regions with different employees from diversified backgrounds and under different situations. This helped her to develop analytical ability to analyze different situations and then to act differently according to the requirement. Also, it helped her to know the exact situation and the solution through her prior working experience in different regions. 4- As described by Jovita, it is impossible to make sound decisions and winning impression without eagerness to learn and without taking challenges, especially when one is uncertain about the results. These are the qualities of a true leader to take

Winter versus Summer Driving Essay Example for Free

Winter versus Summer Driving Essay Winter driving is vastly different from summer driving. A different set of driving skills is required in the winter due to extreme weather conditions. Winter is by far the hardest season for drivers to navigate, while the summer is the easiest. This essay will compare and contrast winter and summer driving to show that winter is the most technically difficult. Winter and summer driving are similar in that both seasons require one to get behind the wheel of a vehicle. The basic driving decisions are always the same no matter what the season. One must always signal appropriately, pay attention to traffic and other drivers around, and generally concentrate on getting from one point to another. Winter and summer driving are very different in the types of weather conditions present. In the summer, there is generally less rain and snow to make the roadway conditions hazardous. With dry pavement, cars and drivers respond quicker to situations, avoiding accident potentials. In the winter, rain and snow make the roads slick and less forgiving in dangerous situations. Even if a driver is attentive, winter conditions may cause a vehicle to spin out of control at the slightest touch of the brakes. Winter drivers must be more cautious of distance between cars in case one needs to stop quickly. Winter drivers may also have to contend with frost and condensation on the windows of cars. Both can decrease visibility and reduce driver awareness. Summer is generally warmer and dryer, reducing the chance of frost and condensation problems. All in all, summer driving is more forgiving than winter driving. Weather conditions in the winter can render roadways very dangerous, requiring increased driver skill. The summer roadways are less wet and icy than winter roads, allowing drivers to avoid potential threats much quicker with less reaction time. Winter driving requires higher reaction times, larger technical skill, and a higher level of vehicle maintenance for optimal driving conditions.

Impact of skiing on mountain environments

Impact of skiing on mountain environments It is extremely easy to forget the impact imposed by skiing on the mountain environments. Most people believe the only effect that they have on the environment within mountain regions are the tracks in the snow left by their skis. However, there is strong evidence that skiing has both a social and more noticeably, environmental impacts that influence the natural environment. Some experts of the Alpine region suggest that tourists directly affect over half of the Alps entire surface area. It can therefore be stated that the Alps are now one of the most threatened mountain ecosystems on Earth. This viewpoint was further backed up by Prince Sadruddin Aga Khan, chairman of Alp Action, based in Geneva, which works towards preserving and restoring the Alpine habitat, saying that tourists have merely transported the problems of the city up 6,500 feet. As the majority of ski slopes take place on the sides of large, rugged mountains, the process of deforestation is required in order to create the downhill ski slopes. Deforestation can lead to the displacement of the natural habitats of resident birds as well as cause an increase in the surface runoff from the melt water flowing down the mountains once the snow has melted in the summer months. The problem of surface runoff is further increased by the alteration of the grade of the slope in order to make it suitable for skiers. This allows the melt water to flow quicker and results in the melt water coming into contact with few obstacles which can eventually lead to landslides. Other wildlife such as ibex, snow hares, and red deer are also affected by deforestation and the alteration of the slopes grade. Wildlife is initially affected by the development and expansion of the ski resorts, however, the human impact on wildlife can also be seen in the construction and maintenance of the s ki runs in the night time and by the numerous skiers during the daytime. An example of the affects on wildlife is the black grouse which resides in the Alps, Wales, Scotland and the Lake District. As a result of skiing, the black grouse now exists at only half its usual population density around ski resorts. However, the disturbance area is increasing in size as more and more people ski off-piste and intrude into the habitat of the black grouse. When examining the visual impacts of skiing on the mountain environment, it is easy to see that the monstrous metallic pylons which support the ski lifts and the ski lift terminals blemish the previously unscarred panoramic views. The implications of all of the developments within the mountain environment results in a snowballing affect and results in increased pressure on the environment. With the rise in popularity of some resorts such as Tignes and the Trois Vallà ©es in France, there is the added pressure of expansion of the resorts and the improvement of its facilities. The ski resorts are mainly built on confined valley floor areas and are therefore hemmed in by the surrounding mountainous environment. However, the need to accommodate the increasing numbers and demands of tourists means that resorts have had to expand resulting in further erosion of the mountain sides. The impact of skiers on the environment can be seen due to the increased problems of global warming within these areas. Over the past few years, scientists have proved that the snow levels in mountain areas such as the Alps in Europe have started to dwindle. Birgit Ottmer from the Swiss Federal Institute for Snow and Avalanche Research based in the famous resort of Davos said that the Alpine areas below 1,600 metres are now receiving twenty per cent less snow. The future is even more unpromising with Michel Revaz of the Liechtenstein-based Alpine conservation society Cipra, stating that within fifty years all ski resorts below 1,200 metres wont have a chance and will go out of business. This is especially unwelcoming news for the majority of the ski resorts within Austria where seventy-five per cent of all of the ski lifts lie below 1,000 metres. The problem of snow levels has meant that new resorts are springing up further and further up the sides of the mountains. This migration of ski resorts will mean further visual impacts on the area with large accommodation blocks and pylons being erected further upland as well as an increase in the human affects on the higher altitude areas which have a more sensitive ecosystem. It is widely believed that aviation travel currently contributes about four per cent of the global carbon dioxide emissions. This is a worrying fact, especially when over thirty million international tourists fly into the Alpine region each year and the fact that Alpine tourism is only second in the world to the Mediterranean coast in the number of visiting tourists per annum. Once arrived in the Alpine region, the vast amounts of tourists generally reach the ski resorts by vehicles or even coaches supplied by the travel agencies. The increasing presence of vehicles within this environment has led to an increase in carbon emissions from the vehicles. Within some areas of the Alps, the pollutants reach the upland coniferous trees. Once this has happened, the pollutants weaken the evergreen trees which then become susceptible to insects and parasites. The United Nations recently carried out a study on the affects humans have on the mountain forests and discovered that acid rain and air pollution have damaged approximately sixty per cent of the Swiss, Italian, German and Austrian alpine forests. Another human impact which can be related to global warming is the retreat of the glaciers worldwide. Many skiers and snow boarders enjoy the thrill of skiing or snow boarding on glaciers. The tour guides usually put a great emphasis on the environment and the affects of humans on the mountain environment during the excursion; however, these tours may cease to exist in the near future with the retreat of the mountain glaciers. For example, Boulder Glacier in the North American state of Washington, is extremely popular with climbers, skiers and snow boarders. However, such activities have an increasingly short life as the glacier retreated an incredible four hundred and fifty metres between 1987 and 2005. The retreat of the glacier can be directly linked to the rise in the winter temperatures and to the reduction in snowfall levels within this region. There is an increasing problem with the amount of litter in the ski resorts. As is true anywhere else in the world, the majority of litter dropped does not degrade straight away or at all. However, in such a sensitive or delicate region, like the Alps, the effects are amplified. For instance an orange peel takes approximately two years to fully degrade, and cigarette butts can take up to five years to disintegrate. The chocolate wrappers or left over lunch that is left outside the mountain restaurants attract species which would not normally be found at such high altitudes. This alteration in the fragile ecosystem has a huge affect on the indigenous population of wildlife which eventually die out due to the invasive species. However, tourism can help sustain the mountain communities. The tourists provide a market for the local communities. There are over four and a half million beds for tourists within the Alps. The local communities have set up bed and breakfast accommodation as well as hostels and small, traditional hotels or chalets. This provides a vital economy for the local population even though the busiest periods are only during the winter months. Upon seeing that the majority of their business is seasonal, many of the locals in the ski resorts and surrounding villages have begun to diversify in order to sustain a living throughout the year. The local population have begun to offer summer outdoor activities to try and attract thrill-seeking or nature-loving tourists in the summer months. Many of those within the mountain communities offer guiding walks in the summer or activities such as rock climbing and driving off road vehicles through the rough terrain. The local authorities for ski resorts have only recently started to publicise visiting mountain areas in the summer months and are trying to advertise the ski resorts and villages as year-round destinations instead of solely winter locations. Tourism can help sustain human communities if the right methods are introduced by the local authorities, for example by ensuring that the local populations get their share of the money brought in by tourists so that the larger international tourism firms do not overpower the local businesses. This might include, the local authorities supporting local brands or shops and only allowing a certain number of international businesses or hotels into the region. Many learning schemes have also been introduced in order for the local population to learn other languages such as English in order to accommodate and to improve on the services provided to tourists visiting their town or village. Teaching the locals languages will help them both socially and economically and could even lead to their customers returning or attracting new customers by word of mouth due to the level of customer service. Having a second language allows local people who know the area and its surrounding environment best, to supply more annual activities such as guided walks. This will keep the economy within the area and result in a small rise in the prosperity of the local population. In conclusion, I believe that skiing is not a sustainable activity and has greater impacts on the mountain environment than it does improve it. The affects on the environment are detrimental and could mean that future generations will not be able to go and look at the Mont-Blanc Glacier in its current beauty but will be able to admire at it from text books due to its possible demise. However, I do have confidence in the fact that tourism can play a large role in sustaining and improving the local human communities and makes the mountain areas an extremely exciting and diverse area which is why so many people visit it each year.

International Parity Conditions Essay -- essays research papers fc

â€Å"Prices, Interest Rates, and Exchange Rates in Equilibrium† (International Parity Conditions) Table of Content Executive Summary†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦3 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.4 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Literature Review†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦6 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Findings and Analysis: †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦10 a.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  PPP†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦10 b.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  FE†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..12 c.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  IFE†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.14 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Conclusion & Recommendations †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦16 Bibliography†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.17 Appendix A. Historical Data†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦18 Table of Figures Figure 1. International Parity Conditions Figure 2. Scatter Diagram for PPP Figure 3. Time-series data for inflation rates differential and exchange rate change Figure 4. Regression Plot for PPP Figure 5. Scatter Diagram for FE Figure 6. Time-series data for inflation and interest rates differentials Figure 7. Regression Plot for FE Figure 8. Scatter Diagram for IFE Figure 9. Time-series data for interest rates differentials and exchange rate change Figure 10. Regression Plot for IFE Executive Summary This assignment is aimed at examining the evidence for three of the relationships that underpin (explicitly or implicitly) much of international macroeconomics. The first is purchasing power parity (PPP), or the hypothesis that there exists a constant long-run equilibrium real exchange rate. The second is Fisher Effect, which tests the relationship between difference in inflation rates and difference in nominal interest rates. The third establishes a relationship between real exchange rates and real interest rate differentials or International Fisher Effect. The tests are conducted on a basis of two economies: United States and Kazakhstan. The results are obtained using graphs and regression models, which significantly increase the power of the tests. The empirical evidence is evaluated on the basis of historical data for the period of 1999-2003. The paper is divided into two main parts. The first part contains analysis of the historical data about interest rates, exchange rates, and 3-month T-bills (Kazakhstani name: MEKKAM) in two countries: Kazakhstan and USA. The second part gives implications based on the res... ...ptember  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  148  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  6.3  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  6  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  2.32  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  0.93  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  0.1218  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  -3.98  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  -5.07   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  October  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  147.82  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  6.3  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  2.04  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  0.94  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  0.5647  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  -4.26  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  November  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  146.99  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  6.4  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1.77  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  0.91  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1.5826  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  -4.63  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  December  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  144.7  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  6.4  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1.88  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  0.93  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  -4.52  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚