Difference Between Murder And Manslaughter

Difference Between Murder And Manslaughter The prosecution must prove beyond all reasonable doubt Woolmington [1935] that the defendant committed the offence (actus reus) and also had the necessary state of mind for committing the offence (mens rea). Murder is the intention to kill or cause grievous harm. The actus reus of murder is if the act committed is intentional, unlawful and is the main cause of death. In Alfs case this is setting fire to Petes house. For Alf to be legally responsible, the prosecution must provide evidence that Alfs act was the factual and legal causation of Veras death. Factual causation can be acknowledged by asking was the defendants act a cause in fact of specified consequence.  [2]  This can be answered by asking But for what the defendant did would the consequence have occurred? If the answer is no, causation in fact is recognized. The But for test makes it easier to determine factual causation between Alfs act of setting Petes house on fire and Veras death. The question in court should be Wo uld Vera die if Alf had not set the house on fire? In R v White [1910]  [3]  prosecution failed to establish factual causation. In this case, if Alf had not set the house on fire, Vera would not have died. Meaning factual causation can be recognized. Legal causation has to be established to be able to take legal action. It uses concepts of blameworthiness, liability and expectation to select the most suitable. R v. Pagett (1983)  [4]  talks of legal causation, as the defendant did not fire the weapon that killed his girlfriend. However he was held liable as the most culpable in the actions leading to her death. Alfs actions need not be the individual cause of Veras death as anothers act may have contributed; it must a substantial and operating cause of death. Jo saw the fire moments after it started and chose not to call for help and Olly could not help as he forgot the ladders. The defendant will not lawfully have caused the particular outcome if there was a novus actus interveniens sufficient to break the legal chain of causation. This can be an act of the victim, third party or an unpredictable natural event. The outcome of the intervening must be so overwhelming that the defendants attack is reduced in importance. In Alfs case, Jo and Olly do not break the chain of causation as their actions are not overwhelming causes for Alf not to be liable. R v Cheshire (1991)  [5]  shows that not all events following the defendants act will break the chain of causation. The mens rea for murder is the mental element the intention to kill or cause dangerously bodily harm. Alfs case outlines that it was not his intention to cause harm, nevertheless was aware of a risk of harm. The mens rea necessary is intention. It is the highest level of mens rea and separates in two areas direct and oblique. Direct intention is when the defendant desires an outcome and their goal is to accomplish it. Oblique intention is when the defendant has a purpose in mind but in achieving that also causes other outcomes that were not desired. Nedrick [1986]  [6]  is like Alfs case. The Nedrick test has objective and subjective perspectives. The objective part would ask if Alf foresaw the death of Vera as a virtual certainty and was he aware that his act could cause harm. The subjective part would ask if Alf foresaw Veras death as a virtual certainty. Even though Alf was aware of the possibility of causing harm, he would not have significant intention if he did not foresee death as a virtual certainty, as he intended a different outcome to what took place. Therefore Alfs intention was oblique as he did not want to kill or cause anyone any harm his intention was to frighten Pete into leaving Sandra alone. Hancock and Shankland (1986)  [7]  the House of Lords indicated that the likelihood of the consequence taking place was something to take into consideration in determining whether there was enough facts from which intention might be inferred. The two miners were convicted of manslaughter and not murder as their intention was to frighten and not kill. Alfs intentions were to frighten Pete not to kill him. However, in contrast with Hancock and Shankland, Alf was aware of the likelihood of harm but the two miners were not. Recklessness takes an inexcusable risk, having two levels subjective and objective. Subjective recklessness is where the defendant realises there is a risk but chooses to take it nonetheless R v G [2004]  [8]  . Objective recklessness is where a sensible person realises there is a risk R v Caldwell [1982]  [9]  . However, a person is still guilty even when mentally unable to realise the risk. Alf shows subjective recklessness by not chekingif the house was empty, and is aware of the possibility of someone getting injured, but still pours the paraffin through the letter box and starts the fire. In Hyam v. D.P.P (1975)  [10]  , the issue before the House of Lords was whether or not the mens rea necessary for murder, was established when the defendant was aware of the high probability that her act would result in death or serious bodily harm. In both the Nedrick (1986  [11]  ) and the Hyam v. D.P.P (1975  [12]  ) cases the defendants were behaving recklessly Alf comm itted an act which was against the law, dangerous and was aware of the risks of harm. The two types of manslaughter are, voluntary and involuntary. In this case, Alfs actions were voluntary. Two specific defences which apply to Alfs case are provocation and diminished responsibility. Provocation was a common law defence prior to the Homicide Act 1957 defined by Delvin J in R v Duffy [1949]  [13]  Provocation is some act, or series of acts, done to the accused which would cause in any reasonable person, and actually causes in the accused, a sudden and temporary loss of self- control, rendering the accused so subject to passion as to make him or her for the moment not master of his mind.  [14]  Section 3 of the Homicide Act 1957 lengthened on this providing that Where on a charge of murder there is evidence on which a jury can find that the person charged was provoked (whether by things done or by things said or by both together) to lose his self- control, the question whether provocation was enough to make a reasonable man do as he did shall be left to be dete rmined by the jury; and in determining that question the jury shall take into account everything both done and said according to the effect which, in their opinion, it would have on a reasonable man.  [15]  This requires the prosecution to prove all elements of murder. There are three elements of provocation; firstly there must be some provocative conduct, secondly there must be a cause to make defendant lose self-control and thirdly if the loss of self control occurs, a reasonable person would also have lost self-control and act in the same way. In Alfs case the facts do not point to any evidence that he was provoked. Alf was profoundly depressed and acted in anger after hearing Sandra was dating Pete. However setting fire to Petes house was not an act performed in the heat of the moment, which would have overcome a reasonable man. Therefore provocation is highly improbable to win if used as a defence. Diminished responsibility is a defence simply statutory. Section 2 (1) of the Homicide Act 1957 states Where a person kills or is a party to the killing of another, he shall not be convicted of murder if he was suffering from such abnormality of mind (whether arising from a condition of arrested or retarded development of mind or any inherent causes or induced by disease or injury) as substantially impaired his mental responsibility for his acts and omissions in doing or being a party to the killing.  [16]  If Alf uses this defence he will not be successful, as he was not suffering from abnormality of mind. The burden is o n the defendant to prove their defence on the balance of probabilities R v Dunbar [1957]  [17]  . In R v Bryne [1960]  [18]  , Lord Parker CJ described an abnormality of mind as a state of mind that the reasonable person would find abnormal Alf can argue he was suffering from depression, as the news of Sandras relationship with Pete caused mental distress and use insanity as a defence. This defence can apply to Alf; however he would have the burden of proving his mental state and that his depression affected his reasoning. According to the MNaghten rules it must be proved that, when the offence was committed, the defendant was under defect of reason, evolving from mental illness, so not knowing the nature and quality of the act committed, or, if he did, not knowing that what he was doing was wrong. If this is the case then Alf will not be held responsible due to insanity. I think it most likely that Alf will be charged with reckless manslaughter, as his intention was not to kill or harm, but to frighten Pete. When setting Petes house on fire he does so in a state of depression and on realising that Vera is inside he immediately changes his mind and runs into the burning house and tries to save her. If Olly had brought t he ladders the tragic death of Vera could have been avoided. There are three different offences of committing involuntary manslaughter, constructive, gross negligence and reckless manslaughter. The case states that Jo is a neighbour and a family friend who notices the fire moments afterwards but does nothing about it. The law does not impose a duty on a public bystander to help or save a person in danger. In order to establish negligence for manslaughter a higher degree of care or relationship is required, even though Jo omitted to call for help she did not owe the victim a duty of care. In R v Stone and Dobinson [1977]  [19]  , they allowed an ill sister to live in their house; she died after they failed to call for medicinal help. They both had a duty of care as they were her primary carer, both charged with manslaughter by gross negligence. The duty can be breached if at any time a risk of injury to health is foreseen R v Stone and Dobinson [1977]  [20]  . If Jo had created a danger which could cause harm to anyone then she would ha ve a duty however this is not the case the fire therfore has not duty to act. Such duty arises from special relationships such as, parent child Gibbins Proctor (1918)  [21]  , a contractual duty Pittwood (1902)  [22]  , an official position Dytham (1979)  [23]  . Jos decision not to act can be considered to be morally wrong but this does not make it a criminal liability. Jo could be convicted of involuntary reckless manslaughter. The case states fireman Olly and his crew turn up to the scene but cannot help as they have forgotten to bring any ladders. The House of Lords in R v Adomako [1994]  [24]  decided that to establish the gross negligence form of manslaughter the prosecution must prove a duty of care a breach of the duty of care and gross negligence. Olly has a duty as a fire man is to save lives and prevent harm to others he breached duty by being negligent in failing to be adequately prepared and failed to carry out his duty by being unable to get to the victim. In the case of Pittwood (1902)  [25]  a railway crossing keeper omitted to close the gates resulting in a person crossing getting hit and killed by a train. The keeper had a contractual which was breached as he was negligent. Bateman (1925)  [26]  states that negligence is gross when it is beyond a matter of mere compensation between subjects and showed such disregard for the life as safety of others as to amount to a crime against the State and conduct deserving of punishment  [27]  Olly was negligent as he did not bring the ladders that could have saved Veras life. Olly could be charged of manslaughter by gross negligence for failing to provide duty of care and breaching his contractual duty.

Strategy direction

Strategy direction â€Å"Strategy is the direction and scope of an organisation over the long term: which achieves advantage for the organisation through its configuration of resources within a challenging business environment to meet the needs of markets and to fulfil stakeholder expectation†. Executive Summary: In the business industry, it is very difficult to seem companies are reach to the success. One day they have to be faced, other face of business, which is called ‘losses or ‘decline. Todays business environment going very critical because of recession, makes business down, Thats reason we can see that established companies are going down and out of business environment, they cant started on against environment. This challenging business environment pushing Supermarket to back of form market but some Supermarket and company still they are fighting and achieved succeed. Tesco, which is one of the successful supermarket because of they are applying strategy is entirely proved in business environment. Tesco is successful in environment because of applying analytical tools e.g. PESTEL, Porters 5 Forces, SWOT Analysis, on the basis of these analysis and they have proven to be success is this challenging business environment. Introduction: Johnson and Scholes have described that statement, which is said strategy is goal like path of business success. Where mention successful way and goal of long term of maturity level in business environment. Wheres through of using organisation resources achieved benefits and advantages of success in business. Perhaps full fill stakeholder needs and expectation of business and constantly make successful place in challenging Environment. It is argued that UK supermarkets are delivering a quite different offering to the marketplace from a simple ‘basket of goods with a specific price and quality. The issues of product range, innovation potential, and associated convenience factor are all part of the package. This leads to a consideration of the questions of what is competing with what? And who is competing with whom? The issue of comparing like with like. From there we arrive at the question of how competitions policy in this field needs to consider long-term innovation potential as well as short-term price issues. (Supply chain management: An International potential 2000) Why it is importance to understand business environment Todays very important to learn business environment, which proved to be become successful in the markets, they promote and help you to increase business profitability and protect you, form competitors. Because they are successful in the market, they understood the Business environment trends. Whos invested in business and make profits and constantly is a successful in the markets. What do we understand by business environment In a business organisation, peoples are investing input whichs consider e.g. Labour, material, Capital and place etc. These inputs are converting in output like Goods and services that is customer willing to buy. Difficult Evaluation strategy changes of business environment Tesco is using different strategy to become successful in the critical environment and proved that they achieved success in the challenging environment. Supermarket competitors; are always trying to be a best but couldnt succeed. Tesco is always understood business strategies and be a leader in Markets. Tesco is using one strategies called as PESTEL Analysis. Microenvironment would include competitors, suppliers, customers, intermediaries, financial community, local community, pressure groups and government. Customers: are important person for any business, for instance in a completive environment, no business grows without customers. Organisations should use an information gathering systems in order to update with changing needs and requirements of the customers and able to predict even the future on what the customers want next. Suppliers: are providers to an organisation of goods and services that the organisation transforms into value added product to customers, also when demand of a product increases suppliers are crucial to the success of an organisation to make available to them due to increase in demand, thus better relationship with suppliers increases the growth of businesses. Competitors: survival of organisation in todays recession in dealing with competition is extremely important, hence an organisation must keep a close look on its competitors on how they are changing towards the need of the customers, and example of competition would be mobile phones and soft drinks. Intermediaries: are people who provide a link between the organisation and its customers, large companies use intermediaries as they find it difficult to deal direct to their customers. Financial communities: are institutions they may currently support or support the organisation in the future. Share holders both private and institutional are important to the business as they reassure that the business will achieve it objectives. Expansions of many markets have failed because the companies did not consider the needs and expectations of potential investors. Local community: it is for organisation to enhance their image towards the society, through charitable contribution, sponsorship of local events and also been seen as a support to the local environment. (Fifth edition by Adrian Palmer and Bob Harley) PESTEL Analysis Tool uses on Tesco supermarkets 1.1) Political factors: Tesco makes strong infrastructure in globe, now they are operating six countries in Europe in additions in the UK. Tesco have high demand by UK, including the European Union (EU). Tesco follow employee govt. Legislation to provide variety in job, flexibility of jobs, lower paid higher paid, variety of demand, requirement of position like for student, under 18 ages, senior citizen. Tesco are implemented position for different requirement for full fill their needs and makes them constantly growth, thats why on the basis of needs. They recruiting people as part time, full time, contract, temporary, seasonable, get job done in limited period of time. http://www.tesco.com/talkingtesco/p/inc/TalkingTesco.pdf 1.2) Economical Factors: Economically we are in recession time but all supermarkets as well as same in problem. Tesco is faced difficult time this year but they made strategies thats result recession will not critical y overcome on Tesco. So simply we can say that competition like Sainsbury, Asda economically they are strong, but Tesco are selling product for different categories customer some time using offer like free parking and Tesco reward cards, offers etc. Thats reason Tesco always one step ahead of competitors. http://www.tesco.com/talkingtesco/response/?page=article9 1.3) Social / cultural factors: Tesco are always applying PESTEL strategies in business. That why they always consider on different factor like social life, which belong to the people. Economic changes are changing people living trends, now people like to live single family, which is differences in single person, aged citizen, competition of job, people like gives preference time consuming, it is means peoples dont want spend time to make food. Tesco is understood people demand and introduce micro able food in the market. This is gives to the Tesco customer more time saving, easy to full fill their daily needs. On the chaining environment, supermarkets must be alert and do research on changes of cultural and social. http://www.tesco.com/talkingtesco/p/inc/TalkingTesco.pdf 1.4) Technological Factors: Technological factor are makes great effort on environment, which gives great impact of Tesco business environment. Tesco recently started new technology like ‘Online Shopping which is makes people life easier and peace, they are also saying dont need to come to us just order from home by online and you will get your delivery on your door step ahead. Tesco has also made investment in Pollution control, that is support to the carbon reduction and also encourage customer to use and buy low carbon product. It gives clean natural atmosphere to the human beings. Tesco is promoting to use carrier bags again and again and they also giving Tesco points on it. Which is clearly says to the customer make city clean and also urge for environment friendliness. This all activity makes good reputation in between people minds. Ø How existing products can be made cheaper and better quality by introducing new technology Ø How distribution of goods to consumers have changed e.g. how new books can be purchased via the internet Ø How consumers are offered more innovative products and services e.g. new anti cancer drugs, internet banking. Ø How new technology has enhanced organisation to communicate to their consumers e.g. customer relationship management, mobile internet services 1.5) Environment Factor: When Tescos using strategies in business, they also considerate about wrong impact on Business Environment and thats why they are always trying to avoid those impact. Tesco says ‘Make your staffs happy and they will make your customer happy. Tescos always trying to keep their staff Happier and which is good result on customer relation and build strong relation between customer and Staff. 1.6) Legislation Factor: Tescos always facing bargaining problem between them and competitors because of legislation create difficult environment like recession. It is means Price and Quality ‘War between supermarkets competitors; which means loss in business. Legislation understanding is very important in business, thats makes easy way to achieve their target in the market. In order to implement political correct pricing policies, Tesco offered to customer price reduction on food purchase based on the how many times customer spent money on groceries at their stores. It is gives competent stability in the Business environment. http://www.tesco.com/climatechange/speech.asp http://www.modelanswer.co.uk/business/help/pestle/tescos.php In the Business Environment How Tesco apply SWOT analysis to state internal and external Factors. A) Strength (Internal factor): 1) Tesco have had achieve 30.08% highest share of the UK market; Tesco is growing faster and faster in their future carrier and to allow to drive a high share in Non-Food industry. 1) Tesco Online services spreading all over the world and operating 270 stores around the globe. In which Tesco cover 96% market in the UK and other millions of store having online services. Then we can simply say that Currently Tesco got strong platform to develop their profitability in the market. 2) Recently advertised in UKs newspaper, Tesco have 71% Sales larger than Sainsbury; and they are leading UKs Supermarket business. B) WEAK (Internal Factor): 1) Tesco still need more effort to reach world market and makes stability in the world. 2) Tesco have already invested in different industry like Tesco Bank, New stores, Investment companies; if recession is continue like that, business environment will go bust and Tesco will have to face big loss in the business 3) Traditional small business like local butcher, local deli shop, local bakery etc. they are situated in resident areas which is very near for customer and traditionally customer got used to with their services. In this situation its very difficult to attract customer and make relation. C) Opportunity (External Factor): 1) Now Tesco is giving ‘Online Shopping facility to the customer. Its give opportunity to the customer, they can buy their product from their home and will get delivery on their door step. This is save customers Time, money and energy etc. 2) Tesco is going to open some new shop, Tesco Bank, and Tesco Investment company etc. In current status Tesco got highest share in market; its show Tesco great service and loyalty about customer, they already capture customer trust. On behalf of Tesco got opportunities to expand their business in world wide level and achieve success. 3) Tescos almost shops are providing 24Hrs service to the customer, its really great opportunities to get customer trust. D) Threats (External): 1) Now days Business environment giving tough challenge to the Supermarkets, economics value is going down, which means no jobs and no money. This is reason other supermarkets have already reduced their product price by 6%. Tesco and Sainsbury got leadership in the business market; simply they have to be decreasing their price rate, hence other wise they are out of market. Tesco got threats about loss of business because they have to reduce their cost lowest than their competitors. 2) Some time its very complicated to decide what to do? Or not? Because of some other supermarkets are buying their product from abroad; where economy is very low and thats they are selling their good very low cost. Some supermarket are taking advantage about it and buying standard product in cheap price from abroad and selling them on low price. For Tesco there is threat about stealing customer from them. 3) In UKs supermarket competition Tesco got success and they achieved leadership. Now Tesco going expand their business all over the world but still some countries like E.g. India, Pakistan, Bangladesh etc. They are traditionally buying their goods from their traditional shops and they got used to with their services. So When Tesco start their business in these countries might be there is threat about loss and decline of business. http://www.ivoryresearch.com/sample5.php http://www.321books.co.uk/catalog/tesco/porters-five-forces.htm Porter 5 Forces Analysis: How Tesco state their strategies and success on their competitors by using Porter 5 forces Analysis. 1) Bargaining power of Suppliers: This statement is practically proved by supermarkets competitors, where large supermarkets like Tesco, Sainsbury, and Asda etc are suffering by business environment crises called ‘Recession. Its result people they dont have enough money to buy their groceries form supermarket and that why they are always bargaining with supermarket price. For that reason large supermarkets are also forcing their suppliers to make very low cost on their selling product; which is result its very difficult for suppliers in low profit margin they can manage, their expenses. UKs based supermarkets are facing these problems but in hence other abroad based supermarkets are buying their goods in cheaper deal from abroad. These competitors are competing with large supermarkets and encouraging price war between supermarkets. 2) Bargaining power of Customers: In our business environment area we can see that great changes in markets like now peoples are demanding more supermarkets, who can gives them different facility, that could makes their life easier. Tesco has also started some schemes like loyalty customer card, club card and they also going to give some different facility E.g. Bank, Pharmacies etc. these all business environment changes are only happening by customer demand. It is increased supermarkets counts in the markets and their competition. 3) Bargaining power of competitors: In challenging business environment customer demands and expectation are high from supermarket; to full fill their needs we can see that every day entering new competitors in the market and challenging Supermarkets. So now these condition UKs supermarkets have had to keep maintain their leadership in the market and innovative to build market share. Tesco is always updating their Price and value scan between competitors success and on behalf of have given excellent service to the customer. 4) Threat of New Entrants: In the UKs large supermarkets like Tesco, Sainsbury, ASDA etc. they are capturing large space of business, there is no space for other because of they are rapidly spreading all local areas and draining out business from market. Mostly some small tradition shops are affected and they are start disappearing from market like Butcher, bakery, dairy shop etc. So it very difficult for those new entrants companies to stand in grocery market and also they are facing some problem like not enough capital and resources for product compare to other Supermarkets. 5) Threat of Substitutes: In this changing business environment is able to reduce demand for a specific product, as threat is of consumers switching to the other supermarkets. Tesco have started new business trend in the markets like opening shop Tesco express, metro in local towns and city. Whilst help to protect Tesco, about stealing customer by small supermarkets. Recommendation: In business environment Tesco always tries to understand changes of business environment and on the basis of situation applying their unique strategies E.g. PESEL, Porter 5 forces, SWOT analysis etc and got succeed in the market. It gave leadership in between competitors. This strategies are practically proved thats why these are very effective source to full fill Tescos stakeholder expectation and providing excellent service to the customer. Changing business environment, Tesco innovate some different Technology changes, which gives to the customer easy and simple approach for the life. One of the technology changes is effective in the business like online shopping. On the basis of ‘Online shopping Tesco says to the customer, you dont need to come to us, instant we will come to you. In hence Tesco have to understand changes in business environment which relate with competitors. It is necessary to scan competitors success activity and makes good decision on it and implements Tesco key success. Tesco have to also consider on their behaviour of business which is help to them to understand, how they are reacting on implement of trends and strategy changes. These strategies changes are makes final decision to Tesco can use their analytical strategies in the competitive business environment, which gives Tesco successful stage in the market. Conclusion: In the Challenging business environment Tescos success strategy is proved and applied on the practical life that why there is no change of error; thats reason Tescos giving excellent service to the customer and understanding their need and full fill their need on their demand. For better technology can save cost, money and energy and it is important for that organisation should regularly have scans on their competitors to achieve success within the challenging business environment.

Essay --

Enrique’s Journey is a novel that recreates the amazing true story of a boy named Enrique’s adventure to reunite with his mother. The story begins with describing the families living conditions in Tegucigalpa, Honduras. The characters introduced in the story are Lourdes, Enrique’s mom and his little sister Belky, who is seven years old. The family starts out living in one of the poorest neighborhood in the outskirts of Tegucigalpa. Lourdes can barley affords to provide food on the table for her children, let alone herself. The young twenty four year old mother works constantly doing other peoples laundry, making and selling tortillas, selling used clothes and plantain fruits around the neighborhood. The long hours of work she puts in daily, does not do any justice to her family she is raising alone. From the start, Lourdes is confident that she will be unable to send her kids to school for much longer, she won’t be able to keep food on the table, and won’t be able to give her children the life they deserve; so she makes the decision that many young mother’s in foreign countries do; she decides to move to the United States. In the United States she plans to find a good job, make a decent amount of money, and send money and gifts back to her children so they can live a happier life. Lourdes leaves without saying goodbye to her children, because she is too weak to do so. She leaves Belky, her daughter, with her sister to live with. And she leaves Enrique with Enrique’s dad who left them two years prior for another family. Enrique is left with extreme confusion and sorrow. The book includes actual research that has been doing about immigrants journeys to the United States, and how brutally harsh they can be. â€Å"They must make an ill... ... of ‘la migra’, which are the Mexican immigrant authorities. Finally, on his eighth attempt Enrique makes it to the Rio Grande in Nuevo Laredo, Mexico, near the border of the United States. He eventually makes enough money to pay for a phone call to his mother. By this time he had memorized her number. Thankfully, he mother finds a way to hire a smuggler to help him get across the Rio Grande. Successfully, stripping down to his johns, and the help of a blow up inner tube, Enrique finds swimming across the freezing Rio Grande Water where his smuggler helps him to a fresh pair of clothes, and a ride to take him to his mother. He finds himself taken to someplace in Orlando, Florida where he eventually is reunited with his mother after Lourdes’s boyfriend goes to pick him up. Enrique’s dream has finally come true. Soon, Enrique’s his dream is shattered with reality.

Schizophrenia and Involuntary Treatment in the Case of Malka Magnesia E

1 Introduction Malka Magnesia, a second year political science student with an A average, suddenly re-pairs to the attic of her parents’ home and refuses to go to school or to work. She explains that she has been ordered by her â€Å"superiors† in another galaxy simply to sit and repent. Her distraught family pleads with her to seek medical assistance but she refuses on the grounds that her â€Å"superiors† consider her â€Å"unworthy†. The family psychiatrist advises that exposure to some of the modern drugs has been known to reduce such schizophrenic symptoms within a period of weeks. To what extent, if at all, should the law permit the involuntary hospitalization and drug treatment of Malka Magnesia? To what extent, if at all, would it make any difference if she suddenly went into the streets and started giving to total strangers, large sums of money from her inheritance, because, again, it was ordered by her â€Å"superiors†? And, to what ex-tent would it make any difference if, for the same reasons, she began to fast? To whatever extent you would permit some form of coercion, spell out the criteria and safeguards, which should apply. The remainder of the paper is organized as follows: In the next section, the three different stages of Malka Magnesia’s illness are examined regarding the question whether she should be involuntarily hospitalized and medicated. In the last section of this paper, the main find-ings are summarized. 2 Three different â€Å"stages† of Malka Magnesia’s illness 2.1 Malka secludes to the attic The first stage of Malka’s illness, in which she secludes herself in the attic and refuses to go to neither school or work, at first glance seems rather harmless: It is mentioned that she is a political science student with an A... ...lized indefinitely (cf. Gray/O’Reilly 2009). This would be indeed akin to being incarcerated for the rest of her life, something usually reserved for serious criminal offenders. Only her treatment would probably improve her condition insofar that she will be able to be released. All in all, this alternative seems worse than involuntary medication. Works Cited Department of Justice (2010): Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. http://laws.justice.gc.ca/en/charter/1.html#anchorbo-ga:l_I. (Last retrieved: December 7th, 2010). Gray, J. /O'Reilly, R. (2009): Supreme court of Canada's "Beautiful Mind" case. In: International journal of law and psychiatry, Vol. 32, Issue 5, pp. 315-322. Gupta, M. (2001): Treatment refusal in the involuntarily hospitalized psychiatric population: Canadian policy and practice. In: Medicine and Law, Vol. 20, Issue 2, pp. 245-265.

Oedipus Tyrannus through Freuds eyes Essay

Oedipus Tyrannus is deemed as Sophocles’s magnum opus and is undoubtedly the most famous of all Greek tragedies. Aristotle went to the extent of calling it a perfect play. It was first performed in around 425 b. c. , only just after a plague that had wreaked havoc on Athens, Oedipus Tyrannus was set in Thebes, a city which was also facing the same catastrophe. King Oedipus was informed by the Creon, the brother of Oedipus’s wife, Jocasta that the city will remain a sufferer unless and until the slayer of the previous king is convicted. Oedipus promised to discover the killer’s identity and to prosecute him. Ignorant of the fact that he himself was the murderer, Oedipus unremittingly trailed the truth until he found his own guiltiness and blinded himself so he might never catch the sight of his father in the afterworld. A Freudian analysis of Sophocles’ Oedipus Rex (the King) would point out that Oedipus truly had an incestuous nature. This was exposed not only by Oedipus’ marriage to his own mother, by whom he had children, but also by his unreasonable preference for his daughters, Antigone and Ismene. While the attention he showed to his daughters was profound and braced with sexuality, he dismissed his sons as creatures who are able to look after themselves. Although he was unconsciously attracted to his daughters, he also had this fear in his mind that his daughters would become pariah and will be unable to marry. Freud thought that all the men since birth harbor not a natural repugnance to incest, but the contrary which is an instinctive sexual attraction to the mother. He says, â€Å"[The experiences of psychoanalysis] have taught . . that the first sexual impulses of the young are regularly of an incestuous nature† (Totem and Taboo, p. 160). He also emphasized that each male anchorage undecided feelings towards their fathers. â€Å"But surely I must fear my mother’s bed? † (Oedipus Tyrannus, line 576) When Oedipus throws this question to his wife Jocasta, he is totally oblivious of the profundity of his words. The Messenger has just informed him about the murder of King Polybos of Corinth, Oedipus’ supposed father. Now free in his mind from the intimidation of Apollo’s foretell that he would kill his father, Oedipus here desires to validate with his wife that, as his hypothetical mother (the queen of Corinth) is still living, he must still look into that for fear that he sleep with her, as the oracle also foretold. But his words touch a more primary issue: Why is the forecast that he will sleep with his mother so horribly threatening and vile? Oedipus is actually calmed and contented about the natural death of his supposed father Polybos, as in his mind this frees him from the concern that he will someday kill his father. Freud had suggested an interesting explanation of the source of the taboos against incest and parent murder. In the primitive civilization, people lived in groups dominated by the most powerful male, the father, who hold a sexual monopoly over the group. When each of his sons grew to an age where he would challenge the father’s supremacy in order to get a part of the action, so to challenge, the fathers forced them to leave the group. After so many sons had been so treated like this, they resolute to cooperate in order to remove from power their father and get hold of the females, their mothers, for themselves. With their collective strength, they killed the fathers. In civilized society, Freud observed, proscription against such crimes go unsaid, but this is not evidence that we no longer harbor such wishes. The conscience of mankind which now appears as an inherited mental force was acquired in connection with the Oedipus complex. However, from Sophocles’ text, it would seem that Oedipus does everything in his power to avert these two crimes. Freud too examines the play from this vantage point although, under the novel concept of unconscious motivation, moral condemnation gives way. Freud’s perspective added another dimension to previous simplistic disputes as to whether an action was freely willed, and thus subject to moral injunction, or determined by fate. Freudian intentionality implied that there were actions which, though not intended (consciously), nevertheless were compulsive enactments of inner latent wishes (Hamilton 1993, p. 209).

Global Promotional Strategies Essay

The global companies try to achieve a strategic position on each market they are present in. To reach that goal, companies need to differentiate the products from competitors, while holding the costs of market communication activities at lowest level. Also global companies have to make an effort to sustain advertising campaign in all the markets in which there are present, because wherever they live people tend to react positively to companies and products they know about. In this point, global promoting strategies help brand familiarity, which plays an important role in the market. Global promotion strategies can use a standardized theme globally, but may have to make adjustments for language or cultural differences. Advantages: -Adaptation: Fully adapting an advertising message for local markets. Changes may have to be made due to media availability. -They have a high level of coordination of its market communication. -The companies can modify products for different countries. Also new products are designed for foreign markets. -To incorporate all the differences into one product design and introduce a global product. -Standardization provides benefit such as cost saving in production and marketing. Disadvantages: -It can cause communication issue based on verbal, pictorial, symbolic, idiomatic languages. -The product gives the consumer an identity so they can put the consumer in bad situations, if the products have a problem. -Cultural differences have to realize by the companies before entering the market. For example, when Barbie doll imported to China, consumer did not even buy one. Barbie was not related with Chinese appear, that is why kids did not want to play t with Barbie. After that, the company made new Barbie just looked like Chinese people; at that point they got consumer interest. In conclusion, global promotions strategies are your weapon in this economy and it is up to you to use them for your benefits or failure.

John Locke Leader of the Enlightenment Essay

John Locke has had a great impact on governments, other leaders and equality during the Enlightenment, thus making him the most influential leader of that era. Locke’s literature – specifically his book The Two Treatises of Government – was the key to many of his contributions. â€Å"By far the most influential writings emerged from the pen of scholar John Locke† (Powell, Jim). In this book, Locke discusses the need for three natural rights, the right to property, life and liberty. All three rights pertained to equality and seeing as the Enlightenment Era revolved around individualism, his development and support of Natural Rights made him a great influence and role-model. Furthermore, John Locke was against the Divine Right of Kings and believed that there was no one true ruler that was chosen by god. He instead believed that the ruling force should be decided by the citizens of a country. This in turn allowed the citizens more liberty and thus more equality – everyone’s votes counted and each vote was equal. His belief in Natural rights also influenced many other movements and laws such as the French Revolution, the US Constitution, the American Declaration of Independence and The Social Contract. If it wasn’t for him and his literature, many leaders of the Enlightenment such as Voltaire wouldn’t have been inspired to come up with and share their ideas. John Locke’s influences on politics, equality and the other leaders of the Enlightenment were immense, thus making him one of the greatest leaders of The Enlightenment. John Locke has had a great impact on governments, other leaders and equality during the Enlightenment, thus making him the most influential leader of that era. Locke’s literature – specifically his book The Two Treatises of Government – was the key to many of his contributions. â€Å"By far the most influential writings emerged from the pen of scholar John Locke† (Powell, Jim). In this book, Locke discusses the need for three natural rights, the right to property, life and liberty. All three rights pertained to equality and seeing as the Enlightenment Era revolved around individualism, his development and support of Natural Rights made him a great influence and role-model. Furthermore, John Locke was against the Divine Right of Kings and believed that there was no one true ruler that was chosen by god. He instead believed that the ruling force should be decided by the citizens of a country. This in turn allowed the citizens more liberty and thus more equality – everyone’s votes counted and each vote was equal. His belief in Natural rights also influenced many other movements and laws such as the French Revolution, the US Constitution, the American Declaration of Independence and The Social Contract. If it wasn’t for him and his literature, many leaders of the Enlightenment such as Voltaire wouldn’t have been inspired to come up with and share their ideas. John Locke’s influences on politics, equality and the other leaders of the Enlightenment were immense, thus making him one of the greatest leaders of The Enlightenment. John Locke has had a great impact on governments, other leaders and equality during the Enlightenment, thus making him the most influential leader of that era. Locke’s literature – specifically his book The Two Treatises of Government – was the key to many of his contributions. â€Å"By far the most influential writings emerged from the pen of scholar John Locke† (Powell, Jim). In this book, Locke discusses the need for three natural rights, the right to property, life and liberty. All three rights pertained to equality and seeing as the Enlightenment Era revolved around individualism, his development and support of Natural Rights made him a great influence and role-model. Furthermore, John Locke was against the Divine Right of Kings and believed that there was no one true ruler that was chosen by god. He instead believed that the ruling force should be decided by the citizens of a country. This in turn allowed the citizens more liberty and thus more equality – everyone’s votes counted and each vote was equal. His belief in Natural rights also influenced many other movements and laws such as the French Revolution, the US Constitution, the American Declaration of Independence and The Social Contract. If it wasn’t for him and his literature, many leaders of the Enlightenment such as Voltaire wouldn’t have been inspired to come up with and share their ideas. John Locke’s influences on politics, equality and the other leaders of the Enlightenment were immense, thus making him one of the greatest leaders of The Enlightenment. John Locke has had a great impact on governments, other leaders and equality during the Enlightenment, thus making him the most influential leader of that era. Locke’s literature – specifically his book The Two Treatises of Government – was the key to many of his contributions. â€Å"By far the most influential writings emerged from the pen of scholar John Locke† (Powell, Jim). In this book, Locke discusses the need for three natural rights, the right to property, life and liberty. All three rights pertained to equality and seeing as the Enlightenment Era revolved around individualism, his development and support of Natural Rights made him a great influence and role-model. Furthermore, John Locke was against the Divine Right of Kings and believed that there was no one true ruler that was chosen by god. He instead believed that the ruling force should be decided by the citizens of a country. This in turn allowed the citizens more liberty and thus more equality – everyone’s votes counted and each vote was equal. His belief in Natural rights also influenced many other movements and laws such as the French Revolution, the US Constitution, the American Declaration of Independence and The Social Contract. If it wasn’t for him and his literature, many leaders of the Enlightenment such as Voltaire wouldn’t have been inspired to come up with and share their ideas. John Locke’s influences on politics, equality and the other leaders of the Enlightenment were immense, thus making him one of the greatest leaders of The Enlightenment. John Locke has had a great impact on governments, other leaders and equality during the Enlightenment, thus making him the most influential leader of that era. Locke’s literature – specifically his book The Two Treatises of Government – was the key to many of his contributions. â€Å"By far the most influential writings emerged from the pen of scholar John Locke† (Powell, Jim). In this book, Locke discusses the need for three natural rights, the right to property, life and liberty. All three rights pertained to equality and seeing as the Enlightenment Era revolved around individualism, his development and support of Natural Rights made him a great influence and role-model. Furthermore, John Locke was against the Divine Right of Kings and believed that there was no one true ruler that was chosen by god. He instead believed that the ruling force should be decided by the citizens of a country. This in turn allowed the citizens more liberty and thus more equality – everyone’s votes counted and each vote was equal. His belief in Natural rights also influenced many other movements and laws such as the French Revolution, the US Constitution, the American Declaration of Independence and The Social Contract. If it wasn’t for him and his literature, many leaders of the Enlightenment such as Voltaire wouldn’t have been inspired to come up with and share their ideas. John Locke’s influences on politics, equality and the other leaders of the Enlightenment were immense, thus making him one of the greatest leaders of The Enlightenment. John Locke has had a great impact on governments, other leaders and equality during the Enlightenment, thus making him the most influential leader of that era. Locke’s literature – specifically his book The Two Treatises of Government – was the key to many of his contributions. â€Å"By far the most influential writings emerged from the pen of scholar John Locke† (Powell, Jim). In this book, Locke discusses the need for three natural rights, the right to property, life and liberty. All three rights pertained to equality and seeing as the Enlightenment Era revolved around individualism, his development and support of Natural Rights made him a great influence and role-model. Furthermore, John Locke was against the Divine Right of Kings and believed that there was no one true ruler that was chosen by god. He instead believed that the ruling force should be decided by the citizens of a country. This in turn allowed the citizens more liberty and thus more equality – everyone’s votes counted and each vote was equal. His belief in Natural rights also influenced many other movements and laws such as the French Revolution, the US Constitution, the American Declaration of Independence and The Social Contract. If it wasn’t for him and his literature, many leaders of the Enlightenment such as Voltaire wouldn’t have been inspired to come up with and share their ideas. John Locke’s influences on politics, equality and the other leaders of the Enlightenment were immense, thus making him one of the greatest leaders of The Enlightenment. John Locke has had a great impact on governments, other leaders and equality during the Enlightenment, thus making him the most influential leader of that era. Locke’s literature – specifically his book The Two Treatises of Government – was the key to many of his contributions. â€Å"By far the most influential writings emerged from the pen of scholar John Locke† (Powell, Jim). In this book, Locke discusses the need for three natural rights, the right to property, life and liberty. All three rights pertained to equality and seeing as the Enlightenment Era revolved around individualism, his development and support of Natural Rights made him a great influence and role-model. Furthermore, John Locke was against the Divine Right of Kings and believed that there was no one true ruler that was chosen by god. He instead believed that the ruling force should be decided by the citizens of a country. This in turn allowed the citizens more liberty and thus more equality – everyone’s votes counted and each vote was equal. His belief in Natural rights also influenced many other movements and laws such as the French Revolution, the US Constitution, the American Declaration of Independence and The Social Contract. If it wasn’t for him and his literature, many leaders of the Enlightenment such as Voltaire wouldn’t have been inspired to come up with and share their ideas. John Locke’s influences on politics, equality and the other leaders of the Enlightenment were immense, thus making him one of the greatest leaders of The Enlightenment. John Locke has had a great impact on governments, other leaders and equality during the Enlightenment, thus making him the most influential leader of that era. Locke’s literature – specifically his book The Two Treatises of Government – was the key to many of his contributions. â€Å"By far the most influential writings emerged from the pen of scholar John Locke† (Powell, Jim). In this book, Locke discusses the need for three natural rights, the right to property, life and liberty. All three rights pertained to equality and seeing as the Enlightenment Era revolved around individualism, his development and support of Natural Rights made him a great influence and role-model. Furthermore, John Locke was against the Divine Right of Kings and believed that there was no one true ruler that was chosen by god. He instead believed that the ruling force should be decided by the citizens of a country. This in turn allowed the citizens more liberty and thus more equality – everyone’s votes counted and each vote was equal. His belief in Natural rights also influenced many other movements and laws such as the French Revolution, the US Constitution, the American Declaration of Independence and The Social Contract. If it wasn’t for him and his literature, many leaders of the Enlightenment such as Voltaire wouldn’t have been inspired to come up with and share their ideas. John Locke’s influences on politics, equality and the other leaders of the Enlightenment were immense, thus making him one of the greatest leaders of The Enlightenment. John Locke has had a great impact on governments, other leaders and equality during the Enlightenment, thus making him the most influential leader of that era. Locke’s literature – specifically his book The Two Treatises of Government – was the key to many of his contributions. â€Å"By far the most influential writings emerged from the pen of scholar John Locke† (Powell, Jim). In this book, Locke discusses the need for three natural rights, the right to property, life and liberty. A ll three rightspertained to equality and seeing as the Enlightenment Era revolved around individualism, his development and support of Natural Rights made him a great influence and role-model. Furthermore, John Locke was against the Divine Right of Kings and believed that there was no one true ruler that was chosen by god. He instead believed that the ruling force should be decided by the citizens of a country. This in turn allowed the citizens more liberty and thus more equality – everyone’s votes counted and each vote was equal. His belief in Natural rights also influenced many other movements and laws such as the French Revolution, the US Constitution, the American Declaration of Independence and The Social Contract. If it wasn’t for him and his literature, many leaders of the Enlightenment such as Voltaire wouldn’t have been inspired to come up with and share their ideas. John Locke’s influences on politics, equality and the other leaders of the Enlightenment were immense, thus making him one of the greatest leaders of The Enlightenment. John Locke has had a great impact on governments, other leaders and equality during the Enlightenment, thus making him the most influential leader of that era. Locke’s literature – specifically his book The Two Treatises of Government – was the key to many of his contributions. â€Å"By far the most influential writings emerged from the pen of scholar John Locke† (Powell, Jim). In this book, Locke discusses the need for three natural rights, the right to property, life and liberty. All three rights pertained to equality and seeing as the Enlightenment Era revolved around individualism, his development and support of Natural Rights made him a great influence and role-model. Furthermore, John Locke was against the Divine Right of Kings and believed that there was no one true ruler that was chosen by god. He instead believed that the ruling force should be decided by the citizens of a country. This in turn allowed the citizens more liberty and thus more equality – everyone’s votes counted and each vote was equal. His belief in Natural rights also influenced many other movements and laws such as the French Revolution, the US Constitution, the American Declaration of Independence and The Social Contract. If it wasn’t for him and his literature, many leaders of the Enlightenment such as Voltaire wouldn’t have been inspired to come up with and share their ideas. John Locke’s influences on politics, equality and the other leaders of the Enlightenment were immense, thus making him one of the greatest leaders of The Enlightenment. John Locke has had a great impact on governments, other leaders and equality during the Enlightenment, thus making him the most influential leader of that era. Locke’s literature – specifically his book The Two Treatises of Government – was the key to many of his contributions. â€Å"By far the most influential writings emerged from the pen of scholar John Locke† (Powell, Jim). In this book, Locke discusses the need for three natural rights, the right to property, life and liberty. All three rights pertained to equality and seeing as the Enlightenment Era revolved around individualism, his development and support of Natural Rights made him a great influence and role-model. Furthermore, John Locke was against the Divine Right of Kings and believed that there was no one true ruler that was chosen by god. He instead believed that the ruling force should be decided by the citizens of a country. This in turn allowed the citizens more liberty and thus more equality – everyone’s votes counted and each vote was equal. His belief in Natural rights also influenced many other movements and laws such as the French Revolution, the US Constitution, the American Declaration of Independence and The Social Contract. If it wasn’t for him and his literature, many leaders of the Enlightenment such as Voltaire wouldn’t have been inspired to come up with and share their ideas. John Locke’s influences on politics, equality and the other leaders of the Enlightenment were immense, thus making him one of the greatest leaders of The Enlightenment. John Locke has had a great impact on governments, other leaders and equality during the Enlightenment, thus making him the most influential leader of that era. Locke’s literature – specifically his book The Two Treatises of Government – was the key to many of his contributions. â€Å"By far the most influential writings emerged from the pen of scholar John Locke† (Powell, Jim). In this book, Locke discusses the need for three natural rights, the right to property, life and liberty. All three rights pertained to equality and seeing as the Enlightenment Era revolved around individualism, his development and support of Natural Rights made him a great influence and role-model. Furthermore, John Locke was against the Divine Right of Kings and believed that there was no one true ruler that was chosen by god. He instead believed that the ruling force should be decided by the citizens of a country. This in turn allowed the citizens more liberty and thus more equality – everyone’s votes counted and each vote was equal. His belief in Natural rights also influenced many other movements and laws such as the French Revolution, the US Constitution, the American Declaration of Independence and The Social Contract. If it wasn’t for him and his literature, many leaders of the Enlightenment such as Voltaire wouldn’t have been inspired to come up with and share their ideas. John Locke’s influences on politics, equality and the other leaders of the Enlightenment were immense, thus making him one of the greatest leaders of The Enlightenment. John Locke has had a great impact on governments, other leaders and equality during the Enlightenment, thus making him the most influential leader of that era. Locke’s literature – specifically his book The Two Treatises of Government – was the key to many of his contributions. â€Å"By far the most influential writings emerged from the pen of scholar John Locke† (Powell, Jim). In this book, Locke discusses the need for three natural rights, the right to property, life and liberty. All three rights pertained to equality and seeing as the Enlightenment Era revolved around individualism, his development and support of Natural Rights made him a great influence and role-model. Furthermore, John Locke was against the Divine Right of Kings and believed that there was no one true ruler that was chosen by god. He instead believed that the ruling force should be decided by the citizens of a country. This in turn allowed the citizens more liberty and thus more equality – everyone’s votes counted and each vote was equal. His belief in Natural rights also influenced many other movements and laws such as the French Revolution, the US Constitution, the American Declaration of Independence and The Social Contract. If it wasn’t for him and his literature, many leaders of the Enlightenment such as Voltaire wouldn’t have been inspired to come up with and share their ideas. John Locke’s influences on politics, equality and the other leaders of the Enlightenment were immense, thus making him one of the greatest leaders of The Enlightenment. John Locke has had a great impact on governments, other leaders and equality during the Enlightenment, thus making him the most influential leader of that era. Locke’s literature – specifically his book The Two Treatises of Government – was the key to many of his contributions. â€Å"By far the most influential writings emerged from the pen of scholar John Locke† (Powell, Jim). In this book, Locke discusses the need for three natural rights, the right to property, life and liberty. All three rights pertained to equality and seeing as the Enlightenment Era revolved around individualism, his development and support of Natural Rights made him a great influence and role-model. Furthermore, John Locke was against the Divine Right of Kings and believed that there was no one true ruler that was chosen by god. He instead believed that the ruling force should be decided by the citizens of a country. This in turn allowed the citizens more liberty and thus more equality – everyone’s votes counted and each vote was equal. His belief in Natural rights also influenced many other movements and laws such as the French Revolution, the US Constitution, the American Declaration of Independence and The Social Contract. If it wasn’t for him and his literature, many leaders of the Enlightenment such as Voltaire wouldn’t have been inspired to come up with and share their ideas. John Locke’s influences on politics, equality and the other leaders of the Enlightenment were immense, thus making him one of the greatest leaders of The Enlightenment. John Locke has had a great impact on governments, other leaders and equality during the Enlightenment, thus making him the most influential leader of that era. Locke’s literature – specifically his book The Two Treatises of Government – was the key to many of his contributions. â€Å"By far the most influential writings emerged from the pen of scholar John Locke† (Powell, Jim). In this book, Locke discusses the need for three natural rights, the right to property, life and liberty. All three rights pertained to equality and seeing as the Enlightenment Era revolved around individualism, his development and support of Natural Rights made him a great influence and role-model. Furthermore, John Locke was against the Divine Right of Kings and believed that there was no one true ruler that was chosen by god. He instead believed that the ruling force should be decided by the citizens of a country. This in turn allowed the citizens more liberty and thus more equality – everyone’s votes counted and each vote was equal. His belief in Natural rights also influenced many other movements and laws such as the French Revolution, the US Constitution, the American Declaration of Independence and The Social Contract. If it wasn’t for him and his literature, many leaders of the Enlightenment such as Voltaire wouldn’t have been inspired to come up with and share their ideas. John Locke’s influences on politics, equality and the other leaders of the Enlightenment were immense, thus making him one of the greatest leaders of The Enlightenment. John Locke has had a great impact on governments, other leaders and equality during the Enlightenment, thus making him the most influential leader of that era. Locke’s literature – specifically his book The Two Treatises of Government – was the key to many of his contributions. â€Å"By far the most influential writings emerged from the pen of scholar John Locke† (Powell, Jim). In this book, Locke discusses the need for three natural rights, the right to property, life and liberty. All three rights pertained to equality and seeing as the Enlightenment Era revolved around individualism, his development and support of Natural Rights made him a great influence and role-model. Furthermore, John Locke was against the Divine Right of Kings and believed that there was no one true ruler that was chosen by god. He instead believed that the ruling force should be decided by the citizens of a country. This in turn allowed the citizens more liberty and thus more equality – everyone’s votes counted and each vote was equal. His belief in Natural rights also influenced many other movements and laws such as the French Revolution, the US Constitution, the American Declaration of Independence and The Social Contract. If it wasn’t for him and his literature, many leaders of the Enlightenment such as Voltaire wouldn’t have been inspired to come up with and share their ideas. John Locke’s influences on politics, equality and the other leaders of the Enlightenment were immense, thus making him one of the greatest leaders of The Enlightenment. John Locke has had a great impact on governments, other leaders and equality during the Enlightenment, thus making him the most influential leader of that era. Locke’s literature – specifically his book The Two Treatises of Government – was the key to many of his contributions. â€Å"By far the most influential writings emerged from the pen of scholar John Locke† (Powell, Jim). In this book, Locke discusses the need for three natural rights, the right to property, life and liberty. All three rights pertained to equality and seeing as the Enlightenment Era revolved around individualism, his development and support of Natural Rights made him a great influence and role-model. Furthermore, John Locke was against the Divine Right of Kings and believed that there was no one true ruler that was chosen by god. He instead believed that the ruling force should be decided by the citizens of a country. This in turn allowed the citizens more liberty and thus more equality – everyone’s votes counted and each vote was equal. His belief in Natural rights also influenced many other movements and laws such as the French Revolution, the US Constitution, the American Declaration of Independence and The Social Contract. If it wasn’t for him and his literature, many leaders of the Enlightenment such as Voltaire wouldn’t have been inspired to come up with and share their ideas. John Locke’s influences on politics, equality and the other leaders of the Enlightenment were immense, thus making him one of the greatest leaders of The Enlightenment. John Locke has had a great impact on governments, other leaders and equality during the Enlightenment, thus making him the most influential leader of that era. Locke’s literature – specifically his book The Two Treatises of Government – was the key to many of his contributions. â€Å"By far the most influential writings emerged from the pen of scholar John Locke† (Powell, Jim). In this book, Locke discusses the need for three natural rights, the right to property, life and liberty. All three rights pertained to equality and seeing as the Enlightenment Era revolved around individualism, his development and support of Natural Rights made him a great influence and role-model. Furthermore, John Locke was against the Divine Right of Kings and believed that there was no one true ruler that was chosen by god. He instead believed that the ruling force should be decided by the citizens of a country. This in turn allowed the citizens more liberty and thus more equality – everyone’s votes counted and each vote was equal. His belief in Natural rights also influenced many other movements and laws such as the French Revolution, the US Constitution, the American Declaration of Independence and The Social Contract. If it wasn’t for him and his literature, many leaders of the Enlightenment such as Voltaire wouldn’t have been inspired to come up with and share their ideas. John Locke’s influences on politics, equality and the other leaders of the Enlightenment were immense, thus making him one of the greatest leaders of The Enlightenment. John Locke has had a great impact on governments, other leaders and equality during the Enlightenment, thus making him the most influential leader of that era. Locke’s literature – specifically his book The Two Treatises of Government – was the key to many of his contributions. â€Å"By far the most influential writings emerged from the pen of scholar John Locke† (Powell, Jim). In this book, Locke discusses the need for three natural rights, the right to property, life and liberty. All three rights pertained to equality and seeing as the Enlightenment Era revolved around individualism, his development and support of Natural Rights made him a great influence and role-model. Furthermore, John Locke was against the Divine Right of Kings and believed that there was no one true ruler that was chosen by god. He instead believed that the ruling force should be decided by the citizens of a country. This in turn allowed the citizens more liberty and thus more equality – everyone’s votes counted and each vote was equal. His belief in Natural rights also influenced many other movements and laws such as the French Revolution, the US Constitution, the American Declaration of Independence and The Social Contract. If it wasn’t for him and his literature, many leaders of the Enlightenment such as Voltaire wouldn’t have been inspired to come up with and share their ideas. John Locke’s influences on politics, equality and the other leaders of the Enlightenment were immense, thus making him one of the greatest leaders of The Enlightenment. John Locke has had a great impact on governments, other leaders and equality during the Enlightenment, thus making him the most influential leader of that era. Locke’s literature – specifically his book The Two Treatises of Government – was the key to many of his contributions. â€Å"By far the most influential writings emerged from the pen of scholar John Locke† (Powell, Jim). In this book, Locke discusses the need for three natural rights, the right to property, life and liberty. All three rights pertained to equality and seeing as the Enlightenment Era revolved around individualism, his development and support of Natural Rights made him a great influence and role-model. Furthermore, John Locke was against the Divine Right of Kings and believed that there was no one true ruler that was chosen by god. He instead believed that the ruling force should be decided by the citizens of a country. This in turn allowed the citizens more liberty and thus more equality – everyone’s votes counted and each vote was equal. His belief in Natural rights also influenced many other movements and laws such as the French Revolution, the US Constitution, the American Declaration of Independence and The Social Contract. If it wasn’t for him and his literature, many leaders of the Enlightenment such as Voltaire wouldn’t have been inspired to come up with and share their ideas. John Locke’s influences on politics, equality and the other leaders of the Enlightenment were immense, thus making him one of the greatest leaders of The Enlightenment. John Locke has had a great impact on governments, other leaders and equality during the Enlightenment, thus making him the most influential leader of that era. Locke’s literature – specifically his book The Two Treatises of Government – was the key to many of his contributions. â€Å"By far the most influential writings emerged from the pen of scholar John Locke† (Powell, Jim). In this book, Locke discusses the need for three natural rights, the right to property, life and liberty. All three rights pertained to equality and seeing as the Enlightenment Era revolved around individualism, his development and support of Natural Rights made him a great influence and role-model. Furthermore, John Locke was against the Divine Right of Kings and believed that there was no one true ruler that was chosen by god. He instead believed that the ruling force should be decided by the citizens of a country. This in turn allowed the citizens more liberty and thus more equality – everyone’s votes counted and each vote was equal. His belief in Natural rights also influenced many other movements and laws such as the French Revolution, the US Constitution, the American Declaration of Independence and The Social Contract. If it wasn’t for him and his literature, many leaders of the Enlightenment such as Voltaire wouldn’t have been inspired to come up with and share their ideas. John Locke’s influences on politics, equality and the other leaders of the Enlightenment were immense, thus making him one of the greatest leaders of The Enlightenment. John Locke has had a great impact on governments, other leaders and equality during the Enlightenment, thus making him the most influential leader of that era. Locke’s literature – specifically his book The Two Treatises of Government – was the key to many of his contributions. â€Å"By far the most influential writings emerged from the pen of scholar John Locke† (Powell, Jim). In this book, Loc.