Protestant Reformation of Christianity Essay - 899 Words

The renaissance period marked radical changes in many fields, this includes religion. The so-called Protestant Reformation was the split within western Christian Church initiated by Martin Luther, John Calvin, and other early Protestants. Calls for reform came form all sectors of the European society and it is this dissatisfaction that explains why the ideas of Martin Luther evoked such extreme responses, there was already a ready audience. Although there had been significant attempts at reform before Luther, the date usually given for the start of the Protestant Reformation is 1517, when Luther published The Ninety-Five Theses. As he developed his ideas, Luther gathered followers, who came to be called Protestants. The word protestant†¦show more content†¦Several men simultaneously claimed to be the true pope. Driven by politics rather than any theological disagreement) badly damaged the prestige of the church leaders. Papal tax collection methods were also attacked, and so me criticized the papacy itself as an institution. Court records, written descriptions of bishop’s visitations of parishes and even popular songs and printed images show widespread anticlericalism, or opposition to the clergy. Much of the criticism towards the Roman Catholic Church was administrative rather than theological. In the early 16th century critics of the church concentrated their attacks on clerical immorality, clerical ignorance and clerical absenteeism. Charges of clerical immorality were aimed at a number of priests who were drunkards, neglected the rule of celibacy, gambled, or indulged in fancy dress. Charges of clerical ignorance applied to barely literate priests who delivered poor quality sermons and who were obviously ignorant of the Latin words of the Mass. In regards to absenteeism, many clerics, especially higher ecclesiastics/clergymen, held multiple offices simultaneously- a practice termed pluralism. However, they seldom visited the communities they served by the offices, let alone performed the spiritual responsibilities those offices were entailed. Instead, they collected revenues from all of the offices assigned to them and hired a poor priestShow MoreRelatedThe Catholic Reform ation And The Jewish Torah1229 Words   |  5 PagesReligion has been altered and developed throughout history. Christianity developed based on the Jewish Torah, also known as the Old Testament in the bible. Likewise, Christianity itself has evolved over the centuries. In order to survive, it has had to change and adapt. Not only have many religions and branches of Christianity become extinct over the centuries, but Christianity has also had to merge with the cultures of other religions. For example, Christmas was not originally a Christian holidayRead MoreThe Reformation : The Success Of The Catholic Reformation864 Words   |  4 Pages The Catholic Reformation was the response of the Protestant movement in the sixteenth century. By the sixteenth century, many people lost the trust for the Catholic Church because it was corrupt. Popes and Cardinals became involved in politics and were more like kings than spiritual leaders and Nepotism was rampant. This loss of trust led people t o moved on into other branches of Christianity which includes, Lutheranism, Calvinism, and Anabaptism. Catholic Church’s realized it needed to re-establishRead MoreProtestant Reformation1706 Words   |  7 PagesPAPER 1 (PROTESTANT REFORMATION) DOUGLAS HOLLOWAY STUDENT ID# 23766838 CHHI 302_DO5_201340 FALL 2013 DR. KEITH GOAD LIBERTY UNIVERSITY NOVEMBER 05, 2013 As a result of increased corruption in the Catholic Church, a significant number of priests in the 16th century tried to transform Christianity back to its previous Biblical basis and simplicity. Initially, priests channeled much of their efforts in reforming the church, but they discovered that it was very challenging, andRead MoreMartin Luther Essay1557 Words   |  7 Pageswhose teachings inspired the Protestant Reformation and deeply influenced the doctrines of Protestant and other Christian traditions. Martin Luther was born to Hans and Margaretha Luther on 10 November 1483 in Eisleben, Germany and was baptised the next day on the feast of St. Martin of Tours, after whom he was named. Luthers call to the Church to return to the teachings of the Bible resulted in the formation of new traditions within Christianity and the Counter-Reformation in the Roman Catholic ChurchRead MoreThe Roman Catholic Church And The Protestant Reformation1496 Words   |  6 Pages There are many different denominations of Christianity in the world today including the Anglican Church, Orthodox Church, Catholicism, and Episcopal for example. Nonetheless, in the early 1500s, Catholicism was the predominant denomination. An argument that often comes up against the validity of Christianity is the actions of the Catholic church in the era prior to the Protestant Reformation. To quote Jesus Christ, â€Å"†¦build my church, and the gates of hell shall not prevail against it.† (MatthewRead MoreThe Religious Conscience Of Europe1178 Words   |  5 Pagesminister to the needs of others. Communication resources have become the glue that holds together nations, corporations, faith communities and families. This has not always been true, the many events of the sixteenth century Reformation vastly influenced the development of Christianity. As the fifteenth century closed, it was clear that the church was struggling and in need of reform. Corruption of the papacy was widespread and distrust filled the minds of the people. Historian Justo Gonzalez stated,Read More Religious Controversy During the Time of Karl Marx Essay1372 Words   |  6 Pagestime of the Communist Manifesto was very unstable; two events prior to this time that contributed to this instability are the Separation of Christianity into Eastern Orthodox and Roman Catholic, and the Protestant reformations that took place. One of the most significant turning points in the history of European religion was the separation of Christianity into western and eastern religions. The Western Church became the Roman Catholic Church while the Eastern Church became the Eastern OrthodoxRead MoreA Secularization - The Effects Of The Early Reformation1083 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"A Secularization – The Effects of the Early Reformation† In Philip Benedict’s article in response to Brad Gregory’s novel, The Unintended Reformation: How a Religious Revolution Secularized Society; Benedict addresses the long-term effects that the early Reformation had on the modern world. The articles objective is to explain how things came to be as they are institutionally and ideology in the contemporary Western world and to provide an explanation of how the past became the present. AccordingRead MoreThe Divide between the Catholic Church and the Protestant Reformation832 Words   |  3 PagesThe Counter-Reformation was the response of the Catholic Church to the Protestant Reformation set in motion by Martin Luther. 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Analysis Of Mark Twain s Works Made A Huge Impact On...

2/26/17 P:2 Outline Mark Twain’s works made a huge impact on readers and literary critics. His writing occurred during both the romantic and realist time eras in American Literature. He has simple, seemingly artless narrators and an understated style leads readers to arrive at the social commentary of his narratives on their own. Mark Twain’s writing influenced society because he created a new perspective on life with the views pointed out in his books. The distinctive trait of Twain s was his sense of humor. His writings are almost always humorous and have an element of satire to them. Satire is when people point out the absurdities of something by making fun of it a bit; so, if people notice characters with extreme personality traits†¦show more content†¦Pinsker states that twain can never fit into society, added to our growing realization that he will never be free- even should he make it to the Territory and manage to survive-that makes Twain s novel so problematic, â€Å"Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is a deeply subversive book, not because it is peppered with the N-word or even because some see racism in what is the most anti-racist book ever written in America, but because it tells the Truth-not ‘mainly,’ but right down to the core.† (Huckleberry 642). No matter how often the critics place in context Huck s use of the word â€Å"nigger,† they can never fully excuse or fully hide the deeper racism of the novel-the way Twain and Huck use Jim because they really don t care enough about his â€Å"desire for freedom to let that desire change their plans. From Mark Twain’s reality writing introduced what is the â€Å"freedom†(Huckleberry 642), explained why people need â€Å"freedom†, and impacted American that should protect their â€Å"freedom†. On the other way that Mark Twain has influenced American’s ethnocentric views from his writing, which is the Azoreans in the Innocents Abroad. In a 2003 journal with Reinaldo Francisco Silva about a review of assessing Mark Twain’s treatment of the Azoreans in the Innocents Abroad. He points out that Twain’s portrayal of the Azoreans reflects his ethnocentric views, â€Å"As other scholars haveShow MoreRelatedwisdom,humor and faith19596 Words   |  79 PagesReflections on Humor from Nietzsche to the Theatre of the Absurd 12 Humor and Wisdom in the United States: Lincoln, Beecher, Twain, Sandburg, and Buchwald 17 From The Times (of London) obituary on him (January 19, 2007) that mentioned his â€Å"wit and wisdom† in its title, available at http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/obituaries/article1294342.ece. 24 Humor, Wisdom, and Faith 25 Critics of Religious Dogmatism 26 Four Believers Who Stressed Humor: Kierkegaard, Chesterton, Niebuhr, and Auden 27 ConclusionRead MoreAN ANALYSIS PAPER ON ANTON CHEKHOV’S THE SEAGULL AND THE CHERRY ORCHARD12092 Words   |  49 PagesHigh School Department A.Y. 2013-2014 In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements In English IV AN ANALYSIS PAPER ON ANTON CHEKHOV’S THE SEAGULL AND THE CHERRY ORCHARD Submitted to: Mrs. Joneth D. Vibar Submitted by: Vincent del Castillo IV-St.Francis of Assisi Outline of Analysis 1 Author’s Style 1.1 Anton Chekhov as a Playwright and Author of Short Stories 1.1.1 Russia’s best known Modern Playwright 1.1.1Read MoreEssay on Silent Spring - Rachel Carson30092 Words   |  121 Pagesbookrags.com/studyguide-silentspring/ Copyright Information  ©2000-2007 BookRags, Inc. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. The following sections of this BookRags Premium Study Guide is offprint from Gales For Students Series: Presenting Analysis, Context, and Criticism on Commonly Studied Works: Introduction, Author Biography, Plot Summary, Characters, Themes, Style, Historical Context, Critical Overview, Criticism and Critical Essays, Media Adaptations, Topics for Further Study, Compare Contrast, What Do I ReadRead MoreGp Essay Mainpoints24643 Words   |  99 PagesMainstream GOOD: Sheer physical authenticity - reliability †¢ Cost of publishing book acts as a barrier to entry against casual writers †¢ Hardly any oversight over the quality of material that gets published via new media channels †¢ Any work, regardless of its value, can easily get broadcasted to a global audience †¢ Publishers want to ensure that their books sell *quality check* †¢ Any hack can put up his dribbling on Fictionpress.net †¢ Any angst-filled teenager can put up his

Creative Advertising of Visa Infinite †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Creative Advertising of Visa Infinite. Answer: Visa Infinite is the highest tier of credit cards offering exclusive set of benefits to the cardholders. In Canada, the Visa Infinite cardholders must have an annual income of at least $60,000 or $100,000 (CreditCardsCanada.ca, 2018). It must be noted that the benefits and offers of Canadian issued Visa Infinite card are non-transferable. Visa Infinite discounts cannot be combined with other offers or discounts (Visainfinite.ca, 2018). A few examples of Visa Infinite Cards are CIBC Cards, Laurentian Bank Visa Cards, Manulife Bank Cards, Meridian Cards and several others (Visainfinite.ca, 2018). The Visa Infinite card intends to target affluent professionals with best available hotel rate guarantee. The travellers booking hotels in Canada shall get $25 food or beverage voucher within the hotel (CreditCardsCanada.ca, 2018). Further, there are benefits like complimentary breakfast, room upgrades, late checkout and free Wi-Fi. There are incredible dining events created for Visa Infinite cardholders arranged by the best chefs in the country. The Visa Infinite card also provides benefits in concierge that helps the cardholders in making reservations for vacation or dinner. There are no fees for availing concierge services. The cardholders can avail assistance 24/7 with a simple phone call (Visainfinite.ca, 2018). Based on the Visa Infinite Wine Country Program, the cardholders must be of legal drinking age for availing benefits like reservations, tours, tastings and selection of merchandise (Visainfinite.ca, 2018). Moreover, the Visa Infinite cardholders can get early access to s porting and entertainment tickets before the common public (Visainfinite.ca, 2018). References CreditCardsCanada.ca. (2018).Visa Infinite Review Visas Premium Loyalty Program, CreditCardsCanada.ca.CreditCardsCanada.ca. Retrieved 20 March 2018, from https://www.creditcardscanada.ca/blog/visa-infinite-review/ Visainfinite.ca. (2018).Visa Infinite.Visainfinite.ca. Retrieved 20 March 2018, from https://www.visainfinite.ca/infinite/terms.jsp

Saints at the River free essay sample

These instances of betrayal contribute to the meaning of the text as a whole. The meaning of the text is the conflict between the Kowalsky`s and the people of Oconee county. The acts of betrayal show who some of the characters really are and bring out the theme of this book. The two themes focused in the text are moving beyond the past and people will always face consequences. When Luke and Maggie were dating, he made her believe things about that river and how it was sacred. Maggie betrays Luke when she decides that Ruth’s body should be brought out of the river. Maggie’s father left her and her brother alone one day when they were younger. Maggie grew a strong dislike for her father when Ben suffered major burns while he was gone. Her father had to deal with the consequences for a while. After the towns controversy over how Ruth’s body would be taken out of the river, Maggie finally decides to forgive her father after all these years. We will write a custom essay sample on Saints at the River or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The town betrays the river rats and the law when they allow a temporary damn to be put in to stop water from flowing so they can get her body out. When the dam fails the first time, the town does not let a second attempt to happen out of fear that another life would be lost. After the death of his twin brother, Ronny betrays the Sherriff and throws dynamite into the river to get the bodies out of the hydraulic. Betrayal is a big part of what makes up this story. Each instance contributes to the meaning and themes of the text. Two major themes are moving beyond the past and people will always have to face their consequences. Maggie puts the past behind her when she decides to forgive her father after all these years. Her father faces his consequences of leaving his kids alone by having Maggie dislike him because of her brother getting burned. When a person betrays another person, whether it is friends or family, there are consequences. The acts of betrayal in this text bring out the true characteristics of some certain characters.

Effects and Solutions to the Eradicating of Illiteracy Essay Example

Effects and Solutions to the Eradicating of Illiteracy Paper Words: functional literacy, earnings determinants, Ghana, Sub-Sahara Africa Abstract This article analyzes the determinants of literacy and earnings in Ghana. It links literacy and earnings with a variety of factors, including age, gender, family educational background, distance to school, and income. Literacy and age are negatively correlated, suggesting that efforts at strengthening the supply and quality of basic education programs in recent years have been successful in raising literacy rates. Females are less literate than males, controlling for other actors. Parents education is positively associated with literacy. Distance to the nearest primary school, residency in a rural area, and poverty affect literacy negatively. Functional literacy appears to be a prerequisite for entering the labor market, Which may partly explain the lack Of return to education Other than middle school and technical/professional training. The policy implication of the study is that basic education and literacy programs should target females and poorer households, especially in rural areas. We would like to thank Rosemary Bellmen and Helena Rib for invaluable support. We are also indebted to Rocco Castro; Ronald Reneging; Nicolai Christensen; our discussant, Inhabitant Data Guppy; and the other participants at the conference on the Economics of Education and Human Capital, held by the Centre for Labor Market and Social Research and the Argus School Of Business, Denmark, in June, 1399, for helpful comments and suggestions. The views expressed here are those Of the authors and should not be attributed to the World Bank or any of its member countries. We will write a custom essay sample on Effects and Solutions to the Eradicating of Illiteracy specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Effects and Solutions to the Eradicating of Illiteracy specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Effects and Solutions to the Eradicating of Illiteracy specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Addresses: Department of Economics, The George Washington University, 2201 G street, Washington, DC 20052, USA and world Bank, 1818 H street, NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA E-mail: [emailprotected] Org, [emailprotected] Org. 1. INTRODUCTION Significant and rapid increases in earnings and education have taken place over the past hundred years in industrial economies. In developing economies the picture is different: High illiteracy rates and very low incomes, and thus widespread poverty, are realities for large parts of the world. Literacy and income are closely linked. Establishing and assessing the nature of these links may help increase both literacy rates and earnings, thereby eradicating poverty. In this article, we analyze the determinants of literacy and earnings in Ghana based on two household surveys. Our results link literacy and earnings with a variety factors, including age, gender, family educational background, distance to school, and income. Literacy and age are found to be inversely correlated, implying that younger generations are more literate than older generations. This relationship indicates that recent efforts to strengthen the supply and quality of basic education programs have been successful. Females are found to be less literate than males, controlling for Other factors. Parents education is positively correlated with their childrens literacy. Distance to the nearest primary school and residency in a rural area, are negatively correlated with literacy rates. Poverty and literacy are also negatively correlated. Our analysis Of the determinants Of earnings reveals no significant returns to education other than middle school and technical/professional training. This result may indicate that the quality of education in Ghana generally is poor. Alternatively, it could suggest that education is not serving as a signaling device in Ghana. Functional literacy affects selection into the labor market. In evolving countries, jobs are rationed (that is, demand-side determined). We therefore interpret this result to indicate that functional literacy is a prerequisite for entering the labor market. This interpretation may partly explain the lack of returns to education. The policy implications of these results are that greater efforts should be devoted to developing functional literacy skills and basic education. Policymakers should aim to increase both the supply and the quality of basic education and literacy programs. Basic education and literacy programs should target females and poorer households, especially in rural areas. The article is organized as follows. Section 2 describes changes in and determinants of literacy. Section 3 describes the Ghanaian economy. Section 4 presents the economic model and the econometric methodology underlying the analysis. Section 5 presents the data and descriptive statistics, and section 6 presents the regression analysis. Section 7 summarizes the articles findings and draws policy conclusions. 2. CHANGES IN AND DETERMINANTS OF LITERACY opinions differ widely over how best to define literacy. Unesco defines a functionally literate person as any person 15 or older who can read and write a simple statement on his or her everyday life (Unesco 1993, p. 24). The World Development Report (1997) also adopts this definition of functional literacy. Others propose a broader and more explicitly political definition. Paulo Ferrier, the Brazilian educator, sees literacy as a process of concentrations that involves reading the world rather than merely reading the word (Ferrier and Macedon 1987). Widespread literacy is a twentieth century phenomenon. Before the nineteenth century, when public school systems were developed, education was reserved for the few. School systems developed in industrial countries largely in response to increased and more peccadillo industrialization, which in turn lead to increased economic growth and demand for an even more educated labor-force. Over the past decade, education worldwide has exploded, as a result of the overstraining demand for still more specialized labor. Attitudes toward education have also shifted. Less than 50 years ago, education, especially higher education, was reserved largely for men. Today people in industrial countries believe the entire population has the right to education. 2. 1 Developments in Literacy in the United States Literacy progressed in stages in the united States. Initially, according to Has (1996), literacy spread because radical Protestants wanted to read the Bible. Their need for literacy lead to agitation for general public education in the nineteenth century. Literacy rates later rose as a result of several societal changes, beginning with Reconstruction (Coy 1988). Immigration during the Industrial Revolution and the Progressive reform movement increased literacy later in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. World War and the Depression forced the federal government into a more active and direct role, and literacy rose even farther. The civil rights event of the 1 *ass shifted the focus to minority groups, broadening efforts to fight illiteracy. Coy believes that the concept of functional literacy developed during this period and that the formalization of that concept helped increase the number of adult literacy programs. 2. 2 Developments in Literacy in Great Britain In Great Britain literacy also progressed in stages, Street (1995) identifies three distinct stages in the modern development of adult literacy programs. First, the recognition of adult illiteracy being a widespread phenomenon in the sass lead to increased focus on the issue. Government grants were provided, a national Right to Read Campaign was launched, and local practice and experience Vass developers During the sass and early sass the government-funded agency Adult Literacy and Basic Skills Licit emerged. The unit provided materials and guidelines for good practice and funded small research projects. Since the late sass there has been a shift in policy and focus, aiming at adjusting education toward changing national and economic needs. 2. 3 Rates of Literacy in Developing Countries Substantial regional differences in illiteracy rates exist. The rate of illiteracy is relatively low in Latin America and the Caribbean (13. 4) and very high in South Asia (50. 6 percent) (table 1). Ghana is in the middle of the spectrum, with an illiteracy rate of 35. 5 percent. Regions with high illiteracy rates also tend to have low per capita GNP and high philanderer ratio. Within Sub-Sahara Africa, substantial differences exist between Anglophone and Francophone countries (table 2). Illiteracy rates in Anglophone countries are 16 percentage points lower than in Francophone countries. Average per capita GNP in Anglophone countries is more than twice as high as in Francophone countries, school enrollments are higher, and pupil teacher ratios are lower (37. 8 pupils per teacher in Anglophone countries versus 47_3 pupils per teacher in Francophone countries). Table 1. Selected Social and Macroeconomic Indicators, Ghana and Six Regional Groups, 1995 Middle East Latin Europe Cubans America and North South Sahara and the East Asia Central Africa Asia Caribbean Africa Asia Ghana and Pacific Indicator Adult illiteracy rate (percent) 35. 16. 9 -? 13. 4 38. 7 50. 6 44. 0 GNP per capita 350. 0 807. 8 -? 3,419. 8 -? 354. 1 485. 6 Gross primary enrollment ratio 76. 0 1154 99. 6 Ill . 5 96. 5 egg. C 74. 6 (percent) Ratio of primary school pupils to 27. 6 24. 2 20. 0 24. 5 27. 8 62. 7 40. 6 teachers Notes: -? Not available, gross primary enrollment ratio and ratio Of primary school pupils to teachers for Ghana are for 1993. Source: World Bank Detests database. Table 2. Selected Social and Macroeconomic Indicators, Ghana and Anglophone and Francophone Countries in Substandard Africa, 1995 Indicator Ghana Anglophone countries Francophone countries in Sub-Sahara Africa in Sub- Sahara Africa Adult illiteracy rate (percent) 35. 5 36. 1 51. 9 GNP per capita 350. 0 675. 7 333. 4 Gross enrollment ratio (percent), primary 76. 88. 8 64. 4 Ratio of pupils to teachers, primary 27. 6 37. 8 47. 3 Notes: Gross primary enrollment ratio and ratio of primary school pupils to teachers for Ghana are for 1993, Source: World Bank Detests database. 2. Worldwide Increases in Literacy For the world as a whole, illiteracy rates have declined significantly, falling from almost 40 percent in 19/0 to just AS percent in 1990. Rates of illiteracy fell even more dramatically in developing countries, declining from SO percent in 1970 to AS percent in Gigs (Limb; 1996). Wide differences across gender, geographical region, and age exist within countries, however. Or the most part, m ales have higher literacy rates than females, urban areas have higher literacy rates than rural areas, and younger generations have higher literacy rates than older generations. Limb (I egg) also draws attention to the fact that while total illiteracy rates have been falling, the proportion of women in the Worlds total illiterate population has been rising. Three reasons for this tendency are suggested: the technologies of goods production, the nature Of human reproduction, and institutionalizing Of violence in the state. 2. 5 Literature on the Determinants of Literacy Little has been written on he determinants Of literacy. Law, Sprat, and Laborer (1995) analyze the determinants of literacy in Morocco. They find that illiteracy is more widespread among females than among males, higher in rural areas than in urban areas, and inversely correlated with age. The negative relationship between age and literacy may reflect both deteriorating literacy skills over time and improvements in the quality of education. Cavy, Sprat, and Laborer also find that parents literacy and household expenditure level positively affect the level of childrens literacy, suggesting that poverty and family background are important determinants to literacy. Verne (1999) analyzes the determinants of worldwide literacy rates by applying a human capital framework. She finds that enrollment rates, average years of schooling of adults, and life expectancy at birth are the main determinants of literacy, Income affects literacy in a nonlinear fashion, with a negative impact until a threshold of about $2,000 income per year per capita, after which the effect is positive, Institutional and regional variables are not very important in explaining literacy across countries. Literacy rates differ widely across regions, a finding that can be explained by social and economic notations 3. AN OVERVIEW OF THE GHANAIAN ECONOMY Ghana is a low-income country, With per capita income Of 5406 in 1998 (World Bank 199%). It relies heavily on the agricultural sector, in particular cocoa, which accounts for almost half of GAP (World Bank Bibb). From the mid. CSS to the mid. sass, declining cocoa production and trade restrictions stalled economic growth in Ghana. The return of more than a million Ghanaian from Nigeria in 1982-83 and a prolonged drought in 1982 caused growth rates to fall to laetrile low levels by about 1984 In conjunction with the MIFF and the World Bank, the Ghanaian government initiated he Economic Recovery Program (ERR) in 1983. The program implemented a number of policy reforms aimed at restoring macroeconomic stability, encouraging savings and investment, providing an enabling environment for the private sector, and improving public sector management, including prevarication of some of the many publicly owned enterprises, The ERR places significant emphasis on education. The Education Sector Reform Program, established in 1987, improved the efficiency, quality, and relevance of education. The program also increased access to education and shortened the length of pre-university schooling from 17 to 12 years. As a result of the reform program, spending on education rose from 1. 4 percent of GAP in 1983 to 3. 8 percent of GAP in 1934. The governments plans for additional reforms are outlined in its development starter, Ghana-vision 2020 (Republic of Ghana 1935). A substantial part of the programs social agenda is aimed at basic education. Specific goals include achieving universal basic education and adult literacy, increasing access to secondary and tertiary education, and strengthening laborer skills by increasing technical and vocational training. To achieve these goals, the overspent, With the assistance Of the World Bank and Other donors, launched the Basic Education Sector Improvement Program in 1996. The program plans to increase investment in school facilities and teacher housing in rural areas and to strengthen science and math in the curriculum by raising education expenditures from 3. 8 percent of GAP in 1998 to 4. Percent in 2001. 4. THE ECONOMIC MODEL AND THE ECONOMETRIC FRAMEWORK The framework tort the analysis is standard human capital theory, in which individuals build up knowledge and skills through education and experience specific on-the-job experience as well as general experience (Becker 1975: Minced 1974). According to the theory, individuals who invest in human capital are subsequently rewarded with higher earnings. Formally, the economic model may be derived from the theory of either household or individual demand for schooling, both of which view education as an investment in human capital. In industrial economies, in which subsidies for education are common, the investment decision may be viewed as an individual decision; in developing economies the relevant decision unit may be the household (Chandler, Lava, and Filmier 1994; Mason and Chandler 1997). Households will invest in education up to the point at which the marginal benefit from an additional year Of schooling equals the marginal cost of an additional year of schooling. In the traditional human capital literature, earnings are determined by education and Other individual, household, and, possibly, community characteristics. Earnings are observed, however. Only for individuals who have positive earnings (that is, who actually supply labor). To take this into account, we specify a labor supply function. Our model then becomes: (1) (2) Ii Is E(lie, HI, Chi) S(lie, Hair Chi) This implicitly assumes that the household decommissioned possesses perfect information and that capital markets are perfect. Both assumptions are very restrictive and appear unrealistic in developing economies. Where Ii (earnings of individual i) and Is (the labor supply of individual i) are the dependent variables; is a vector of individual characteristics, such as age and age squared (to capture possible nonlinearities), gender, the individuals level of education, and the level of education of the individuals parents; H is a vector of household characteristics, such as the wealth of the household: and C is a vector f community variables, such as urban versus rural location. Literacy, L, is then determined by the following simple model: (3) Lie = L(lie, Hi, Chi) The explanatory variables are similar to those in the earnings equation, with some differences. In order to investigate the possible link between poverty and literacy, we include earnings and the poverty quintile of the household in H. We also include a measure Of the distance to the nearest primary school in C To analyze the determinants of earnings, we use a Hickman selection model (1976, 1979), which can be briefly described as follows. Consider the earnings regression: (4) In Wi = Xi; * Ii here In Wi is log-earnings for individual i, Xi is a vector of explanatory variables for individual i, is a vector of parameters, and Ii is an error term capturing unobserved variables, The problem in estimating equation 4 is that we implicitly apply a sample selection rule because we observe only earnings of individuals who work; potential earnings of people who do not supply labor are not incorporated. If the sample has characteristics that dieter from those of the underlying population in a nonrandom fashion, it will suffer from a selection bias, which, if not taken into account, will lead to biased parameter estimates. Hessians solution to this problem is to incorporate the labor supply choice in the earnings equation. The earnings and labor supply choice equations thus become: In Wiz = Uzi where equation 5 is the earnings equation (equivalent to equation 4), in equation 6 is a latent variable that reflects the excess utility from participating in the labor market, and Uzi is a vector of variables explaining the labor supply decision of individual i. The latent variable l* corresponds to the indicator variable: lie- 1 if > 0, 0 otherwise The model is estimated by first estimating the inverse Mills ratio and then including it as an additional regresses in equation 5: (7) In Wi Kip -t- Ii where ski is an estimate of the inverse Mills ratio for individual i. The Hickman model views labor supply as an individual choice. This view may be inappropriate in a development context, where the absence of (public) safety nets means that there is not likely to be much of a choice involved in the labor supply decision. The labor actually supplied to the market is likely to be determined more from the demand sid e than from the supply side. This contrasts with industrial economies, in which the labor supply decision is likely to be made in a different Skilled workers are more likely to supply their labor than unskilled workers since they forgo more income than do skilled workers by staying idle (given that there is a social safety net whose benefits are high enough not to force them into working). We applied the maximum likelihood version of the Hickman selection model -? rather than the Two-Step version in order to be able to weight the data. We view the Hickman model as the general model, the validity of which must be tested against the reduced model, The reduced model here is the standard earnings equation, which is nested within the selection model. That is, the standard earnings equation is a special case of the selection model in which the selection correction terms, Ai, are statistically insignificantly different trot zero. S. THE DATA AND DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS We test the model using data from two household surveys, the 1931192 Ghana Living Standards Survey (GILLS) and the 1997 Core Welfare Indicators Questionnaire (CSCW). GILLS aims at obtaining measures of the living standard in Ghana on several dimensions, including health and education/literacy_ The survey is very extensive and includes 4,565 schooled. The CSCW aims mainly at providing data applicable for analyzing factors affecting poverty, education, and labor markets issues. It contains a much smaller number of questions (questions about earnings, for example, are not included) but a larger sample of households (14,514) and individuals (60,686). 5. Results on Literacy Investigating literacy and its covariates for the GELS data enables differentiating between several types Of literacy and reveals that being able to read and write in English is associated with higher earnings than is being able to read and write in one or more Ghanaian languages (table 3). The various measures of literacy are highly correlated, however. A problem that is likely to cause collinear in the regression analysis of the next section. To circumvent these problems, we comb ine the various literacy variables into a single composite measure of functional literacy.

charles goodyear essays

charles goodyear essays Charles Goodyear was born in New Haven, Connecticut on December 29, 1800 to Amasa and Cynthia Goodyear. Charless father was a hardware manufacture and a merchant. Amasa Goodyear built mainly farming tools like hayforks and scythes, which he invented. When Charles was a teenager he wanted to go into the ministry and become a pastor, but his father convinced him that he was a good business man and placed him in the hardware store of the Rogers brothers in Philadelphia at the age of seventeen. He worked there until he was twenty-one years old. At that time he returned to New Haven to join his fathers business, making farm tools. For five years he worked for his father, building up the family business. On August 24, 1824, while he was still working for his father he married Clarissa Beecher who also lived in New Haven, Connecticut. In 1826 Charles Goodyear decided to move to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. There he opened a hardware store where he sold the products that his father made. Four years after opening this store both Amasa and Charles Goodyear were bankrupt because they would extend credit to customers and the customers would never pay back the money that they owed. Charless health started to decline and both father and son owed tens of thousands of dollars. For the next thirty years Charles Goodyear was thrown in prison over ten times because he didnt pay his debts. In 1834 when he was in New York, on a business trip, the Roxbury India Rubber Company caught his eye. He decided to go inside the store and take a look around. While he was in the store he saw an India rubber valve on one of the products in the store. He thought that a better valve on a product of his fathers might help them pay off some of their debt. He decided to make a better valve with Indian rubber. A few days later he showed it to the manager of the Roxbury India Rubber Company, who was very impressed with valve, but ...

Identifying Resources Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Identifying Resources - Term Paper Example nesses and threats and build upon opportunities and strengths in my course project and how I would leverage these resources to carry out the change I am proposing through the strategic plan. Addressing strengths and weaknesses and building upon opportunities and threats is a time consuming process that requires highly skilled personnel or team to collect and analyze data (Sare and Ogilvie, 2010). Therefore, highly skilled personnel is one of the critical resources needed. The second resource alluded to by Sare and Ogilvie (2010) is finances. For a change to be achieved, there must be enough funds to finance day to day, weekly, and monthly activities and processes that are directed towards addressing weaknesses and threats and build on strengths and opportunities. In relation to optimal number of nurses as an unmet need, lack of relevant skills among the few available nurses as a threat necessitates availability of funds to facilitate the needed training programs. The third resource in this context is partnerships (Sare and Ogilvie, 2010). To implement action plans to address the weaknesses and threats and build on the strengths and opportunities, a multidisciplinary app roach is needed. Partnering with both internal and external stakeholders is also important in order to attract the needed support. Fourthly, technology (Sare and Ogilvie, 2010) is also a critical resource in this context. Efficiency of services in a healthcare institution is highly attributable to technology. Adoption of technology as an opportunity for improvement for instance could help improve efficiency of services through enabling easy access of patients information. One of the ways I would leverage these resources to achieve the needed change is budgeting. In elucidating a budget, Inc (n.d, para.3) posits that "Modern budgets not only limit expenditures; they also predict income, profits, and returns on investment a year ahead". In addition, Inc (n.d) posits that a budget helps business